Dit is een samenvatting van de powerpoints van de lessen samen met mijn eigen notities. Duidelijke notities met soms wat verduidelijking in het Nederlands.
Vak wordt gegeven door professor Vermeulen en professor De Bondt.
Enige wat ontbreekt is de laatste Q&A session.
EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE, HOME AFFAIRS AND SECURITY POLICY
INTRODUCTION WITH HISTORIC NOTES
ESTABLISHMENT OF COUNCIL OF EUROPE
- 1949: establishment of COE
o There was a charter in the running of the actual establishment
- 1950: already the first convention of the Council of Europe
o ECHR= European Convention on Human Rights + ECtHR
- COE= intragovernmental cooperation
o They decide together that they need a new convention
- Legal instruments
o Conventions, resolutions, recommendation
o Conventions: seemingly strong, still weaknesses
- Only by the expression of the state (represented by the government) that a state can be
bound
o It is not that the Council of Europe can start a convention and say “This is now bound
to every member state” NO, it will always be upon the state to be bound or not to be
bound
- States can ratify a convention from the COE
- COE has a very broad mandate
- Judicial cooperation in criminal matters (= the mother convention = the most important, the
one that we most rely on)
- Today the focus is a lot on EU activities BUT We need to bare in mind that the foundation of
many things is still at the level of the Council of Europe
- Judicial co-operation in criminal matters & criminal policy (including aspects of substantive
criminal law and criminal procedural law) with regard to topics and/or particular offences
Judicial cooperation
Mother conventions in criminal matters (wordt wrs niet gevraagd op examen, is informatie)
- 1957 European Convention on Extradition – 3 protocols
- 1959 European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters – 2 protocols
- 1964 European Convention on Supervision of Conditionally Senctenced/ Released Offenders
- 1970 European Convention on the International Validity of Criminal judgements
- 1972 European Convention on Transfer of Proceedings nog steeds mother
conventions
- 1983 Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons- protocol
- 1990 Laundering Convention – protocol
- 2001 Cybercrime Convention – protocol
,COUNCIL OF EUROPE
ORIGIN AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
- Created after WW2
- Churchill called for the creation of the Council of Europe it was, as he said, needed to
prevent another war
- 1949: establishment of COE
- Resolutions calling for an economic and political union that would guarantee:
o Safety, economic independence and social progress
o Founding of a consulting assembly chosen by national parliaments
o Drafting of a European charter for human rights
o Establishment of a court which enforces the charter through its judgments
- Today: 46 countries
o The Russian federation was a member from 1996 untill 2022 – but when member do
not behave as the COE expects, than we can exclude them out of the COE
- Never confuse it with the European Union 2 DIFFERENT ORGANISATIONS!!
Intergovernmental cooperation (this is the situation in COE!!, but with supranational elements)
- UK, Ireland and the Scandinavian states favoured an intergovernmental cooperation
- All EU-member states are also member states of the COE
- All members cooperate with one another there is no difference in power from the member
states
- The COE decides on the level of their organization (with all member states together no
country has more power than another)
- The decisions are open for ratification it means that members states can say that they do
not agree with the decision made by COE
- Intergovernmentalism reflected in the organization having a Committee of Ministers,
convening in a private assembly, as the decision-making body
- There is also a Parliamentary assembly that could voice its advisory opinion BUT only the
Committee of Ministers can make the decisions
Supranational cooperation
- COE aims to strive for greater unity between the members
o This aim is achieved by:
Taking initiatives to enhance democracy and the functioning of the rule of law,
in which human rights are respected
Drafting and concluding treaties on themes that concern the societies’ interests
in the Member States and that must enhance cooperation
Promoting and supporting cultural diversity
Structuring and stabilizing the democratic functioning in each of the Member
states
- None of the member states can give up their national sovereignty
ECHR
- Was signed in 1950
, - = European Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
- First European instrument for the protection of human rights
- Few years later: European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) was set up
EC = Treaties Establishing the:
- European Coal and Steel Community (1951)
- European Atomic Energy Community (1957)
- European Economic Community (1957) (TEC)
Espace judiciaire Europeén/European Political Co-operation
- Between the Member States, outside the formal framework of the European Communities
- Was an interim phase
Treaty on European Union (TEU) (Maastricht Treaty, Feb 1992)
Amsterdam Treaty (Oct, 1997)
- Charges TEC and TEU, integrates Schengen acquis (Schengen protocol)
Nice Treaty (Feb 2001)
European Constitution (2004)
Lisbon/Reform Treaty (2007) (from TEU/TEC to TEU/TEU)
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CO MMUNITY
- Realisation of an internal market
o Area without internal borders in which the free movement of goods, capital, services
and persons is guaranteed
- Focus on economic and monetary integration
- No competence as regards criminal law
o However: competence to combat fraud against the European Community budget on
an administrative level
Commission thinks this is the worst crime you can commit (fraud against the
EC budget
BACKGROUND | COE + EC/EU INTEGRATION HISTORY
Council of Europe
EC = Treaties Establishing the:
- European Coal and Steel Community (1951)
- European Atomic Energy Community (1957)
- European Economic Community (1957) (TEC)
o 1984 European Single Act: internal market by 1992, area without internal borders in
which the free movement of goods, capital, services and persons is guaranteed
But free movement of goods also means free movement of crimes
Espace judiciaire Europeén/European Political Co-operation
, - Between the Member States, outside the formal framework of the European Communities
- Was an interim phase
Treaty on European Union (TEU) (Maastricht Treaty, Feb 1992)
Amsterdam Treaty (Oct, 1997)
- Charges TEC and TEU, integrates Schengen acquis (Schengen protocol)
Nice Treaty (Feb 2001)
European Constitution (2004)
Lisbon/Reform Treaty (2007) (from TEU/TEC to TEU/TEU)
- Schengen was set up out of the fact that criminals could go across borders but the police
could not
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