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Introduction to counselling
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Introduction to counselling
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Introductionto
counselling
Empathy
-
ANSability
to
enter
the
client's
phenomenal
world,
to
experience
it
as
if
it
were
your
own
without
losing
the
"as
if"
quality
Primary
empathy
-
ANSability
to
respond
in
such
a
way
that
it
is
apparent
to
both
client
and
counselor
that
the
counselor
has
understood
the
client's
major
themes.
Culturally
sensitive
empathy
-
ANSability
to
perceive
the
cultural
frame
of
reference
from
which
the
client
operates.
Advanced
empathy
-
ANSa
process
of
helping
a
client
explore
themes,
issues,
and
emotions
new
to
his
or
her
awareness.
Client-initiated
interviews
-
ANSthose
that
are
proposed
by
the
client
and
that
may
come
without
any
knowledge
from
the
client,
often
a
questionnaire
Counsellor
-
initiated
interviews
-
ANScounsellor
should
immediately
state
why
he/she
wants
to
see
the
client,
it
eliminates
tension.
7
criteria
for
evaluating
effective
goals
-
ANSgoals
are
mutual,
specific,
relevant,
success
oriented,
measurable,
observable,
and
can
be
restated
clearly.
S.O.L.E.R.
-
ANS5
non
verbal
skills
initiated
in
attending
as
a
counsellor
that
include,
square
facing
client,
open
posture,
leaning
toward
the
client,
eye
contact,
and
relaxed.
2
types
of
personality
tests
-
ANSobjective
and
projective
Johari
Window
-
ANSa
model
of
mutual
understanding
that
encourages
disclosure
and
feedback
to
increase
our
own
open
area
and
reduce
the
blind,
hidden,
and
unknown
areas
Most
helpful
counsellor
skill
-
ANSgeneral
leads
that
direct
more
in
depth
conversation
a
topic
and
branch
on
to
new
ones
that
may
be
discovered.
Least
helpful
counsellor
skill
-
ANSclarification
which
is
similar
to
approval
or
affirmation
which
can
be
done
all
in
one
step.
5
important
elements
of
a
counselling
contract
-
ANSasking
the
purpose
of
the
meeting,
avoiding
use
of
"try
or
maybe"
or
"should"
or
"must",
define
client
wish
to
achieve,
focus
on
change.
Rehearsal
-
ANShaving
the
client
rehearse
or
practise
the
behaviour
laid
out
in
the
contract. Countertransference
-
ANSCircumstances
in
which
a
psychoanalyst
develops
personal
feelings
about
a
client
because
of
perceived
similarity
of
the
client
to
significant
people
in
the
therapist's
life.
3
Functions
of
Termination
in
a
Counselling
Relationship
-
ANSsignals
counselling
is
finished,
maintains
changes
already
achieved
and
generalized
problem
solving
skills
acquired
in
counselling,
and
serves
as
a
reminder
that
the
client
has
matured.
2
Factors
for
terminating
a
counselling
session
-
ANSsession
is
ending,
no
introduction
of
new
material.
5
Strategies
for
Terminating
a
counselling
session
-
ANStime
is
up,
set
timer
for
last
ten
minutes,
summarize
current
session,
set
up
next
session,
nonverbal
gestures.
4
considerations
for
a
planned
termination
of
counselling
relationship
-
ANScan
client
play
and
enjoy
life,
can
they
cope
and
understand
self/others,
can
they
relate
to
others
and
be
loved/love
others,
has
stress
been
eliminated
5
D's
to
avoid
resistant
termination
of
counselling
-
ANSmake
it
gradual,
other
life
activities
significant,
significance
to
others,
delight
in
gained
knowledge
and
what
lies
ahead,
areas
of
continuity
in
life.
Theory
-
ANSin
counselling
it
is
used
as
a
guide
to
hypothesize
about
the
formation
of
possible
solutions
to
a
problem.
5
requirements
of
a
theory
-
ANSclear
and
coherent,
comprehensive,
explicit
and
heuristic,
relating
means
to
desired
outcomes,
and
is
useful
to
its
practitioners.
Defence
mechanisms
-
psychoanalysis
(7)
-
ANSdepression,
denial,
regression,
projection,
rationalization,
reaction
formation,
displacement.
General
techniques
in
behavioural
therapy
-
ANSuse
of
reinforcers,
schedules
of
reinforcement,
shaping,
generalization,
maintenance,
extinction,
punishment.
Specific
techniques
in
behavioural
therapy
-
ANSrehearsal,
environmental
planning,
systematic
desensitization,
assertiveness
training,
contingency
contracts,
implosion
and
flooding,
time-out,
overcorrection,
covert
sensitization.
Reality
therapy
-
ANStreatment
that
emphasizes
personal
responsibility
for
actions
and
their
consequences
Cognitive
therapy
-
ANStherapy
that
teaches
people
new,
more
adaptive
ways
of
thinking
and
acting;
based
on
the
assumption
that
thoughts
intervene
between
events
and
our
emotional
reactions
Person-centered
counselling
-
ANSpeople
are
essentially
good,
are
positive,
forward
moving,
constructive,
realistic,
and
trustworthy.
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