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European History Class Notes

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This document has all the information you need to prepare for the European History exam with the chapters starting at the French Revolution up until the Road to WWII, from both lectures and the guest lectures. It provides the information seen on the provided slides as well as class notes that help...

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  • 28 mai 2024
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French Revolution
Type Lecture

Date @February 21, 2024

Reviewed

# what is the main characteristic of each stage of the
comments revolution

July 14, 1789 → The beginning of the Revolution with the storming of the
Bastille (Paris)

CONTEXT OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1815)
Context of the revolution:

1. Not the 1st revolution of its kind:

a. 1688-1689 → the Glorious Revolution (England)

i. the abdication of Catholic king and replacement by Protestant
King

ii. bloodless revolution ⇒ the name “Glorious”

b. 1775-1783 → the American Revolution

i. American Independence from Great Britain

2. The impact of these revolutions:

a. England: breach with tradition of divine right to rule

i. the parliament can decide to replace the king → a revolution
about the way of thinking about democracy and power

ii. If no Roman Catholic could be king, then no kingship could be
unconditional

b. USA: rights of representation and revolt against “unjust” rule

i. 1st example of uprising against the coloniser



French Revolution 1

, Ideas come first → John Locke (1689) Two
Treaties of Government:
Two main premises:

No government can be justified by
one’s appeal to the divine right of Kings

Legitimate government needs to be
founded on the consent of the
governed → it should be people who
conceptually decide to have a king



Social Contract theorist → justification for the
“state”:
John Locke
we need a new social contract

the State of Nature - rational man

Civil government founded on popular
sovereignty → ideas of popular
sovereignty → a king is only a king if
we let him



RUN-UP TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION:

1. Economics - Financial Bankruptcy:

a. Louis XIV (”Sun King”) mass expenditures - Palace of Versailles → the
jaw-dropping inequality in the living of the royalty and the peasants

b. The French campaign in support of the American Revolution → a
weakened of Great Britain was in the interest of France, that’s why the
french helped the american, but it came with great costs, especially to
the tax payers (aka the peasants)

c. Seven Year War (England/France): loss of many colonies (North-
America, Louisiana, Caribbean Islands, trading posts Indian
subcontinent, Senegal)




French Revolution 2

, 📖 *Louisiana was ceded to Spain in 1762, the Napoleon
regained it in 1800 in exchange for Tuscany as an attempt to
reestablish the French colonies in North America (as the
french lost most of them in the Seven Year War) and sold it in
1803 to America (Thomas Jefferson)


d. Poor harvests, famine, and already harsh taxes and income inequalities
→ low income, but the king needs to be happy ⇒ increasing taxes and
burden on the people



2. Politics: struggle with provincial “parlements”

a. ”parlements” <> modern parliaments, but provincial courts who had the
right to appeal the decisions of the king

b. Louis XVI: inherited struggle with the provincial courts who help the
right to appeal to the King’s edicts



3. The Dismissal of Jaques Necker, controller-general of Finance (aka the
Minister of Finance):

a. Necker was critical of tax exemptions for nobility and clergy → while the
ordinary men were paying the heavy taxes and living in poverty, the
royalty and clergy would be exempted of taxes and would live
comfortably

b. Published King’s finances → important moment for mass mobilisation

c. Favoured borrowing money abroad, rather than increasing (already
high) taxes on commoners → the king was strongly against it



4. The gamble of Louis XVI (1787-1788):

1. he made a huge gamble by not listening to the french minister of
finance and dismissing him

2. proposes a land tax on all land-holders (including nobility)

3. “Assembly of Notables” rejects the King’s proposals




French Revolution 3

, 4. King attempts to bypass them, by calling for a meeting of the Estates-
General:

Instigates discussions on institutional design ⇒ leading to the
French revolution (aka instigates the masses for the revolution)




ANCIENT REGIME SYSTEM

Demographic growth:

1700: 20 million —→ 1780: approaching 25~28 million

An agricultural nation:

80% of the French people live on the countryside → the agriculture is in
the hands of the masses

20% live in urban areas, only eight cities with a population of over
500.000 (Paris: 650.000 people)

Non-industrialised:

agriculture → 75% of all production

low productivity (labour intensive, outdated methods)

small estates (because of the inheritance laws)

the only large-scale farms where around Paris

failed to keep up with the demographic growth

Geography:

France was a jigsaw of land as a result of previous conquests

1664 → Saint-Domingue (today’s Haiti)

1770 → Corsica

Famine:

1780s: poor harvests

1788: harsh winter, followed by floods (floods destroy crops of the
current year and 3 years ahead so bad bad for France)

all of this lead to food shortages in cities




French Revolution 4

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