WCU PATHO midterm study guide WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+

tertiary prevention A level of preventive medicine that deals with the rehabilitation and return of a patient to a status of maximum usefulness with a minimum risk of recurrence of a physical or mental disorder. tertiary prevention examples Medical; PT, Pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, radiation, chemo, immunotherapy, exp. gene therapy. Clinical setting; provides rehabilitative and supportive tertiary prevention to the affected individual. latent vs. Prodromal in an example Latent period- Time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and first appearance of signs or symptoms.Also refers to a period during an illness when signs/symptoms temporarily become mild or silent or disappear. Prodromal period- time during which first signs and/or symptoms appear indicating onset of disease. Endemic example A disease that is constantly present in a population (Common Cold) Native to a local region. Sub-clinical definition Subclinical Stage- Patient functions normally; disease processes are well established Etiology topic in example Study of causes or reasons for phenomena or disease. Examples Primary prevention example like vaccinations Altering susceptibility; reducing exposure for susceptible persons. (Patient education, Vaccines) Allostasis Mechanisms for body to maintain homeostasis. or; Activity of various systems attempting to restore homeostasis. The organisms overall stability is accomplished through change. Hormones secreted during the stress response 1.) hypothalamus senses a stressful stimulus ether internal or external environment. 2.) Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone 3.) stimulates two pathways; SNS & APS - SNS secretes catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) -APS secretes corticosteroids (cortisol and aldosterone) Selye's three phases of stress GAS= General Adaptation Syndrome Alarm,resistance, exhaustion GAS alarm stage Stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis Activates sympathetic nervous system Arousal of body defenses -Fight or flight response as the result of stressful stimulus. GAS exhaustion stage Occurs only if stress continues and adaptation is not successful Leads to stress-related disorders Elderly or chronic pain/illness Progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms -point where body can no longer return to homeostasis GAS resistance stage adaptation resources are mobilized to combat stressor, and body maintains a higher level of resistance; get accustomed to stress but it can have physical effects of your body -The activity of the nervous and endocrine systems in returning the body to homeostasis Allostatic overload theory each individual has a given threshold for stress tolerance, once a certain threshold is exceeded, negative consequences ensue -"cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response Norepinephrine (NE) the neurotransmitter used by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system at the post-ganglionic organ-level (synapse) Primary constrictor of smooth muscle, therefore regulating BP -Constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure. Increases night and far vision. Reduces gastric secretions and inhibits insulin secretion. Epinephrine Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline. -Enhances myocardial contractility. Increases heart rate and increases cardiac output. Cortisol The primary stress hormone; fluctuations in the body's cortisol level affect human emotion. Affects protein metabolism. Promotes appetite and food seeking behaviors. Anit-inflammatory effects. - Adrenal cortex secretes this stress hormone Aldosterone "salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure -Primary mineralocorticoid. Promotes re-absorption of sodium and water. Increases blood pressure. intracellular accumulations buildup of substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate -Excess accumulations of substances in cells. Abnormal endogenous or exogenous particles indicate a disorder of cellular metabolism. Result of; Toxicity, Immune Response, Taking up cellular space, Things normally in cell. 1.) excessive amounts of normal intracellular substances such as fat. 2.) accumulation or abnormal substances produced by the cell b/c of faulty metabolism or synthesis. 3.) accumulation of pigments & particles that the cell is unable to degrade. common site of intracellular accumulation is the liver. Cellular Adaptation cellular adaptation refers to changes made by a cell in response to adverse or varying environmental changes. The adaptation may be physiologic (normal) or pathologic (abnormal). -Four types of morphological adaptations include atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia. -the cell's response to escape and protect itself from injury atrophy (n.) the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; (v.) to waste away -Cells shrink and reduce their differentiated function in response to normal and injurious factors. Causes: Disuse of body part (cast or bed rest) Denervation, no nerve supply. Ischemia, Nutrient starvation (ions) Interruption of endocrine signals, persistant cell injury, chronic inflammation and infection. Hyperplasia Increase in number of cells. Usually in response to increased physiologic demands of hormonal stimulation. Other causes: Persistant cell injury, chronic irritation of epithelial cells. Physiological demand or irritation of someone who is weight training without gloves. Hormonal stimulation, prostate enlargement. Hypertrophy Increase in cell mass accompanied by an argumented functional capacity in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic demands. Cell enlargement. Causes: Increased cellular protein content. Ex: Elevation sickness, increase in skeletal mass and strength due to repeated exercise. Metaplasia Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type -replacement of one type of tissue into a form that is not normally found there. Cause: Adaptation to persistent injury, with replacement of a cell type that is better suited to tolerate injurious stimulation. Fully reversible when injurious stimulation is removed. Necrosis; image is necrosis of the skin. Usually occurs as a consequence of ischemia or toxic injury. Characterized by cell rupture, spilling of contents into the extracellular fluid, and inflammation. Dead tissue, lack of blood supply. Discoloration, soft or hard, strong odor.