VACCINE TECHNOLOGY: VACCINE
COMPONENTS AND CURRENTLY USED
VACCINES
1: VACCINE COMPONENTS
- Key ingredient of vaccines = 1/+1 active ingredients (usually Antigens)
- Sometimes also adjuvants are added + detoxified toxins + plain water
o Water = main component of vaccines it is a carrier
- Actual active ingredient = 50-100 µL (very small amount!)
- List of vaccine ingredients: may include products used during the manufacturing process,
even if they don’t remain in the finished product!
- Many substances of the vaccine are also naturally found in the body!
o Many vaccines contain salts based on sodium & potassium
o Also formaldehyde is in the blood stream
- All vaccine ingredients = present in small amounts, there is no evidence that they cause harm
in these amounts.
o Exception: the small nr of people who may have allergic reactions to a vaccine
ingredient, even if it is present in this trace amounts… (eg egg proteins or antibiotics
used in vaccine manufacturing)
The main part injected with vaccines = liquid!
4 types of vaccine components:
1. Active ingredients
2. Added ingredients
3. Products used in vaccine manufacturing (some medium)
4. Residues from growing/producing the active ingredients
COMPONENT 1: ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
- Active ingredients = parts of the vaccine made from viruses/bacteria
(usually antigens)
- Many vaccines contain only parts of the pathogen (proteins/sugars from
the surface)
- Some vaccines contain whole viruses/bacteria it will be weakened
(attenuated) = they cannot cause disease in healthy people, or killed
(inactivated)
- To know the active ingredient = know the vaccine type!
o Live-attenuated vaccine = then we know it contains a whole virus
or bacteria, that is weakened.
o See previous chapter for vaccine types!
- Vaccines: contain only small quantities of the active ingredient
(µg/vaccine)
1
, - Compared with the nr of viruses and bacteria in the environment that our bodies have to
deal with every day, the amount of active ingredient in a vaccine = small (exposure)
COMPONENT 2: ADDED INGREDIENTS
1. ADJUVANTS
- Aluminum salts, oil-based adjuvants,… see lecture Prof. Di Pasquale
2. THIOMERSAL
- Antiseptic & antifungal
- Mercury-based preservative used in tiny quantities in some vaccines (multidose vials) 1MERCURY
prevent growth of bacteria and fungi they would contaminate from the environment,
when the vaccine is opened! (S. Aureus)
- NO longer used in vaccines for routine childhood vaccination in the EU, US and other
countries (except some flu vaccines)
o Still used in some: multidose flu vaccines, Diphtheria, tetanus and some biologicals
3. GELATINE
- Gelatine = stabilizer in some live vaccines protect live viruses against temperature effects
- Gelatine in vaccines = highly purified & hydrolyzed (broken down by water)
o So different from natural gelatine used in foods
- CAN cause allergic reactions to vaccines
- Religious concerns animal-origin
- Some vaccines with gelatine:
o Nasal flu vaccines
o One of the MMR vaccines
o Shingles vaccine
o One of the chickenpox vaccines
4. SORBITOL & OTHER STABILIZERS
- Used in small amounts in some vaccines as stabilizer
- Produced naturally in the human body, fruit and berries, as sweetener or cryoprotectant in
foods/drinks, in cosmetics, toothpaste, and mouth wash
- Sorbitol = usually harmless
o But people with allergy to sorbitol, or with rare inherited problems of fructose
intolerance, should not receive vaccines containing sorbitol (they are rare)
5. OTHER STABILIZERS IN VACCINES
- Sugar (sucrose)
- Mannitol (~ sorbitol)
- Glycerol = common non-toxic substance, used as food additive
- Medium 199 = solution with AAs (building blocks for proteins), mineral salts and vitamins
- Arginine hydrochloride = common AA
- Monosodium glutamate = salt made from the common AA glutamine
- Urea = harmless organic compound found in the human body
2
Les avantages d'acheter des résumés chez Stuvia:
Qualité garantie par les avis des clients
Les clients de Stuvia ont évalués plus de 700 000 résumés. C'est comme ça que vous savez que vous achetez les meilleurs documents.
L’achat facile et rapide
Vous pouvez payer rapidement avec iDeal, carte de crédit ou Stuvia-crédit pour les résumés. Il n'y a pas d'adhésion nécessaire.
Focus sur l’essentiel
Vos camarades écrivent eux-mêmes les notes d’étude, c’est pourquoi les documents sont toujours fiables et à jour. Cela garantit que vous arrivez rapidement au coeur du matériel.
Foire aux questions
Qu'est-ce que j'obtiens en achetant ce document ?
Vous obtenez un PDF, disponible immédiatement après votre achat. Le document acheté est accessible à tout moment, n'importe où et indéfiniment via votre profil.
Garantie de remboursement : comment ça marche ?
Notre garantie de satisfaction garantit que vous trouverez toujours un document d'étude qui vous convient. Vous remplissez un formulaire et notre équipe du service client s'occupe du reste.
Auprès de qui est-ce que j'achète ce résumé ?
Stuvia est une place de marché. Alors, vous n'achetez donc pas ce document chez nous, mais auprès du vendeur s0192734. Stuvia facilite les paiements au vendeur.
Est-ce que j'aurai un abonnement?
Non, vous n'achetez ce résumé que pour €6,46. Vous n'êtes lié à rien après votre achat.
