Global Journal of Applied, Management and Social Sciences (GOJAMSS); Vol.12 September 20 16; P.1 15 – 133 (ISSN: 2276 – 9013) 115 THE LEVEL OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR, DEPRIVATION, WELL BEING AND FRUSTRATION AMONG THE INMATES OF NORTH WESTERN PART OF NIGERIA PRISONS: A CASE STUDY OF SOKOTO CENTRAL PRISON IBRAHIM YUSUF, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Department of Social & Developmental Science. email: ibrahim.yusuf@ssu.edu.ng PHONE N +2348032906449 / +60142674182 & ASSOC. PROF. REDZUAN MA’ARUF’ Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Department of Social & Developmental Science. & HANINA HALIMATUSSADIAH BINTI HAMSAN’ Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Department of Social & Developmental Science. & ASOC. PROF. NOBAYA BINTI AHMAD Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Department of Social & Developmental Science. Abstract The article examines the level of aggressive behavior, deprivation, well being and frustration am ong the inmates in congested Nigerian prison. Nevertheless, the study elaborated the meaning of aggressive behaviour, factors contributed to aggressive behaviour, theory of aggressive behaviour, literature review, method of data accumulation and information analysis. Thus, prison setting can instigate aggressiv e behaviors, particularly in Nigeria, where inmates are deprived of their certain right and are tre ated brutality in some instances studies shows, that Nigerian prisons are not properly coordinated and managed as such, inmates are exposed to all forms of inhumanity. It should be noted that, a condition of deprivation and lack of societal well being especially among people being in an isolated environment as in the case wit h most prisons in Nigeria can degenerate to frustration and aggression which in turn can result to unwholeso me situations such as riots/ violence in the prisons. Aggression can involve violence that may be adaptive under certain conditions in terms of natural selection. This is most evidently the example in terms of att acking prey to obtain food, or in anti-predator defense. It may as well be the case in competition between members of the same species or subgroup, if the fair reward (e.g. Status, access to resources, protection of self or kin) outweighs average costs (e.g. Injury, exclusion from the group, death). There are some hypotheses of specific adaptation to violence in humans under certain circumstances, including for homicide, but it is often unclear what behaviors may have been selected for and what may have been a byproduct, as in the case of collect ive violence. Keywords : Aggressive behavior, Inmates, Warders, level and Imprisonment. Global Journal of Applied, Management and Social Sciences (GOJAMSS); Vol.12 September 20 16; P.1 15 – 133 (ISSN: 2276 – 9013) 116 INTRODUCTION Aggressive behavior is assigned as a type of behavior that come about in different ways which result in harmful behavior among inmates (Teicher, Samson, Polcari & McGreenery, 2006; Wang, lunette & Luk, 2010). Aggressive behavior was measured using aggressive questionnaire developed by Buss & Perry, (1992). This instrument assesses some aspects of aggressive behavior among people respectively. Aggression is defined as behavior aimed at harming another individual through verbal assaulting other individuals physical well being, or, through relational means, like group exclusion to damage a person’s social status, and relations, and rumor spreading (Adam & Berzonzky, 2006; Lau & Marsee, 2013). The development of prison systems was tied to the realization that running out to pose a credible, accountable, and consistent system for airing complaints could lead to prison riots or targeted vi olence against staff (Bernstein, 1975). Nevertheless, a critical observation in this growth was that violence was not merely instrumental acts of retaliation against staff or the regime by inmates who ha d a complaint but no means to conclude it. Failure to deliver a system to address inmate complaints lead to ri sing violence at the prison level generally, a magnification of the mundane and usual conflict that drove rates of misc onduct and violence in a prison (Carroll, 2000; Santos, 2007).Likewise, disorder emerged pervasively rather than in small numbers of collective acts of protest (Bernstein, 1975). From these observations, crit ical lessons emerged regarding the impact of grievance systems on prison violence. Riots are dreadful, no matter where it takes place. In prison, riots can occur when the inmates are pushed to the breaking point with sheer brutality, low social well being and other deprivation of human right. While sometimes riot can simply be planned with a prospect of a break out. Whatsoever the case may be, all rights are squeezed at the end and order is reinstated. Here we are starting to adopt a look into some violent prison riot from around the globe. In November 1987, the US was preparing to depot 2500 illegal Cuban immigration that had been rotting at Oakdale, Louisiana and at the US Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta. Only since the prisoners had not been noticed about the correspondence, they burst out into a riot, attempting a mas s flight. What followed next was pure chaos, innocent hostages were shot down and injured. All thes e lasted almost a week. After being guaranteed of a fair hearing, the inmates at Oakdale surrendered, which was shortly adopted by the Atlanta inmates. Over the age about 1000 Cubans have been shipped back to their land (Willens, J. A. (1987). Alcatraz Island Federal Penitentiary is located in the heart of San Francisco Bay and theref ore considered inescapable. The feeling was almost proved wrong on May 2, 1946, when Bernard Coy, a prison inmat e convicted of bank robbery, suddenly assaulted the guard who was overseeing t he prison’s weapons. Coy and his five accomplices — Miran “Buddy” Thompson, Joseph “Dutch” Cretzer, Clarence Carnes, Marvin Hubbard and Sam Shockley, stole some of the weapons and managed to disarm other prison guards as well. They had planned to; first, take some hostages and then hijacking the prison motorboats, dash for an escape. But the door to the prison yard got jammed and they got trapped. Unable to get away, they decided to kill the spectators to the screams and began firing erratic shots at the safeties. It was utt er chaos inside. All this continued for two days until two Pantaloon Marines stormed into the prison and rescuing the hostages, put an end to the crisis (Tomlins, C. (2001). In 1993, three very unlikely alliances were formed to demonstrate a riot at the Southern O hio Correctional Facility in Lucasville between three separate prison gangs —the Aryan Brotherhood, the Sunni Muslims, and the Black Gangster Disciples. The tension rose when the prison authorities announced that the yard birds were to be vaccinated for tuberculosis. The Sunnis cried for boycotting the vaccination as it was breaking their religious feelings. The riot started on April 11th and ran on over a week until the authorit ies cut off the power and water installations. At the end 5 inmates were sentenced to death for committi ng murder during the drunken revelry (Hall, D. Y. (1993). FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR In this advanced era several elements contribute to aggressive behavior, such as deprivation, f rustration and low social wellbeing. Aggressive behavior has posed a serious challenge to relevant authorities and society at large under the social change situation (Calvete & Orue, Haynes, 2006). The prime aim of est ablishing prisons is not adequately realized in most of the Nigerian prisons, this is because, most of the yard birds are Global Journal of Applied, Management and Social Sciences (GOJAMSS); Vol.12 September 20 16; P.1 15 – 133 (ISSN: 2276 – 9013) 117 constantly aching from the problem of deprivation, social good being, frustration, which triggered or lead to aggressive behavior in most of Nigerian’s Prisons. Still, the much needed social wellbeing can force inmates to live in a deplorable condition, which bring about feeling of failure and frustration that i n result to aggressive behavior. Sykes (1958) showed that institutional aggression is created inside the establishm ent, not from outside, this is therefore a situational explanation as it suggests that aggression occurs as a result of the environment in which these people are, and not necessarily the individual themselves. A lso, problems like hitting, hurting, stealing and vandalism at prison environment increase aggressive behavior (Lee, 2007). It is through this occurrence as a result of the deprivation that the inmates experience on a dai ly basis. People always like to involve in aggressive act they expect to result in rewarding outcomes ( Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980; Bandura, 1997, 2001). Aggressive behavior is a negative behavior that leads to negative outcome (Horn, 2004; Geiger & Fischer, 2006). The psychological well being of prison inmates in Nigeria is appalling. Amnesty international (2008) reported that this condition may damage the mental, physical and psychological well being of inmates and, in many instances, constitute clear threats to health conditions like poor sanitation, lack of food and safe medications, denial of contact with households and friends falling short of United nation standards for treatment of prison convicts. The worst conditions constitute ill treatment. In many Nigeri an prisons, inmates sleep three in a bed or on the floor with thirty inmates or above in single Room, which i s an element of deprivation. Crowding and deprivation in prison setting has been associated with lower psychological well being. Problem of improper eating and inadequate medical care couple with bad hygiene that are part of the prominent characteristics of prisons in Nigerian can lead to serious diseases, such as tuberculosis and other skin diseases that can still lead to lost of life in prisons (Lepor, Evans and Schnieder , 1991) For instance, the rate of emotional distress and frequent report of anxiety and feelings of depression by inmate have been reported. Frustration can cause any other trouble that is conceived to be prominent with the prisoners is that of delay of judgment and detention before trial, this can be attributed to the slow judicial proces s which is also an abuse of human right that can equally instigate frustration which lead to aggressive behaviors. (Azi zi, 2011). Closely associated to the above problems, is social stigma which makes some of the ex-convicts t o prefer going back to the prison (recidivism). The major focal point of this work therefore is to recover out the link between the physical and social condition of inmates in the prison and aggressive behavior as it r egards their lives both as convicts, awaiting trial and ex-cons. The degree of aggressive behavior, deprivation, low well being and frustration among the inmates in Nigerian prisons are really high due to the fact that they are suffering from the deprivation of human rights. Barros & Padua (2008); and Latalova & Pr asko, (2010) argue that loss is the human activity that predicts aggressive behavior. Inmates temper can lead t o intention on an early continuation of real aggressive behavior (Tremblay & Nagin, 2005). Neediness is a mental illness t hat inmates of today are facing which have been taken by a heedless disregard for social norms, an inabil ity to experience guilt, and which contributes to frustration than aggressive behavior (Mendez, 2009). THEORITICAL FRAME WORK: Frustration aggression Theory Frustration aggression theory as expounded by Ted Rober Gurri, John Dollard, Leonard Berkorwitz and Aubrey Yeats assumes that conflict is a direct response to accumulated frustration and anger felt b y the citizenry in the club, where they could not see their desires due to scarce resources or some for ces beyond their powers. This theory’s common causal explanation of dispute is that people’s inability to meet their needs and their existent demands. i.e. Expected need satisfaction vs. Actual need satisfaction, where expectations do not meet attainment, the trend is for people confront those they perceived to be respo nsible for thwarting their ambitions. Leonard Berkowitz (1989) realized that the original theory overstated the frustration – aggression connection, so he revised it. Berkowitz theorized that frustration produces anger, an emotional readiness to speak. Anger comes up when someone who cross us could have preferred to do otherwise (Averill, 1983; Weiner, 1981). Likely to lash out when aggressive cues pull the cork, releasing bottled up anger.Sometimes the cork will blow without such cues.Merely, as we will see, cues associated with amplified aggression (Carlson & others, 1990). The terrorist understands the anger eliciting effect of their activities. Social psychologists C lark Mc Cauley (2004) and Richard Wagner (2006) Note that terrorist sometimes commits an act that wi ll cause a strong anger, enemy to over react, creating effects that ultimately help the terrorist interests. Frustration arises from the gap between expectations and accomplishments. When your expectations are met by your attainments,
