The Romans correct answers • used longer spans in sitecast concrete
• the Pantheon built by the Romans around 50AD had a concrete dome that spans 150 feet.
• Longer spans in concrete are achieved by using very thin layers
What is meant by "span?" correct answers Span- The amount of open space that the roof system
will have to support.
What does it mean that concrete is "form giving?" correct answers Concrete can be poured into
any form as long as there is something to hold it.
Example 1 of concrete that is "form giving" correct answers Falling Water by Frank Lloyd
Wright
Example 2 of concrete that is "form giving" correct answers Guggenheim Museum by Frank
Lloyd Wright
Example 3 of concrete that is "form giving" correct answers Villa Sovoye by La Corbusier
Example 4 of concrete that is "form giving" correct answers The Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut
at Ronchamp, France by Le Corbusier
Clear Concrete correct answers • Translucent Concrete developed by Hungarian architect *Aron
Losonczi*
• During the mixing process for clear concrete, *glass fibers* are added to the traditional stone,
cement, and water. This enables light to shine through the material. This concrete is still
structural.
What does it mean for a material to be "structural?" correct answers This means that the material
can support a load.
What does CSI stand for? correct answers Construction Specifications Institute
Which Division in the CSI does Concrete belong? correct answers Concrete is under Division 3
What is the MasterFormat? correct answers MasterFormat is the organizational standards for
specifications, which are the written instructions for construction projects.
,What is "Sustainable Design?" correct answers Using materials in a way that they will be able to
be used for a long period of time
How does sustainable design apply to concrete manufacturing? correct answers Concrete can not
be reused, fossil fuels are burned to create concrete, and trucks use gas to haul and pour concrete.
However, concrete is very long lasting and durable, and can even be recycled.
What are USGBC and LEED? correct answers United States Green Building Council
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Why is sustainability difficult to acheive? correct answers It requires extra time and money
Characteristics of Concrete correct answers Characteristics:
1. does not burn
2. can be used for many purposes
3. exterior finish = interior finish
4. great compression strength
5. 50+ building life
What are the 4 main ingredients of concrete? correct answers 1. Cement
2. Aggregate
3. Water
4. Air
Composition of Concrete correct answers Composition:
• 6% Air
• 11% Portland Cement
• 41% Gravel or Crushed Stone (Coarse Aggregate)
• 26% Sand (Fine Aggregate)
• 16% Water
What is "Reinforced Concrete?" correct answers Concrete that has steel embedded within it
What does embedding steel in concrete do? correct answers Strengthens the hold and the
tensional strength of the concrete
When concrete cures, it gives off heat and forms bonds that hold the aggregate together. What is
this called? correct answers Heat of Hydration
What does ASTM stand for? correct answers American Society for Testing and Materials
What does the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) establish? correct answers
They establish standard specifications for commonly used materials of construction referred to
by number
, Example of ASTM usage correct answers *Figure 3.2-1*
(Page 72 in Textbook)
• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) - establishes standard specifications for
commonly used materials of construction referred to by number
Most Common: *ASTM C150 - Portland Cement*
• Types I, II, III, IV, V
• Types IA, IIA, IIIA (air entraining)
What is the most common type of cement, and the ASTM standard? correct answers ASTM
C150 - Portland Cement
How many types of Normal ASTM C150 Portland Cement are there? correct answers There are
5 types:
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Type V
How many types of Air Entraining ASTM C150 Portland Cement are there, and what is the
advantage of having air in concrete? correct answers There are 3 types:
Type IA
Type IIA
Type IIIA
Air makes concrete material lighter, easier to work with, and creates a natural insulation effect.
What is ASTM C94? correct answers Ready-Mixed Concrete
What is cement made from? correct answers Cement is made from ingredients in the ground.
Specifically; lime, silica, alumina and iron.
What are the 6 steps in the process of making Portland Cement? correct answers 1. made of
pulverized lime, silica, alumina, and iron
2. mix limestone with clay, shale, or slag
3. heat mixture at 2700°F
4. fuse mixture to make clinker (.75" rocks)
5. clinker pulverized with gypsum
6. powdery substance created
Type I: Normal correct answers general-purpose portland cement suitable for most uses when the
special properties of other types are not required
• should NOT be used where concrete will be in contact with high-sulfate soils or will be subject
to high temperatures during hydration
• cures in 28 days (fast)
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