PSCI 1101 Final Test with Complete Solutions
distributive theory - Answer-The idea that members of Congress will join committees that best serve the interests of their district and that committee members will support each other's legislation.
informational theory - Answer-The idea that having...
distributive theory - Answer-The idea that members of Congress will join committees
that best serve the interests of their district and that committee members will support
each other's legislation.
informational theory - Answer-The idea that having committees in Congress made up of
experts on specific policy areas helps to ensure well-informed policy decisions.
Markup - Answer-one of the steps through which a bill becomes a law, in which the final
wording of the bill is determined
Veto - Answer-The president's rejection of a bill that has been passed by Congress. A
veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both the House and Senate.
pocket veto - Answer-The automatic death of a bill passed by the House and Senate
when the president fails to sign the bill in the last 10 days of a legislative session.
omnibus legislation - Answer-Large bills that often cover several topics and may contain
extraneous, or pork-barrel, projects.
Fillbuster - Answer-A tactic used by senators to block a bill by continuing to hold the
floor and speak—under the Senate rule of unlimited debate—until the bill's supporters
back down.
Cloture - Answer-A procedure through which the Senate can limit the amount of time
spent debating a bill (cutting off a filibuster) if a supermajority of 60 senators agree.
hold - Answer-An objection to considering a measure on the Senate floor.
reconciliation - Answer-A congressional process through which program authorizations
are revised to achieve required savings. It usually also includes tax or other revenue
adjustments.
closed rules - Answer-Conditions placed on a legislative debate by the House Rules
Committee prohibiting amendments to a bill.
open rules - Answer-Conditions placed on a legislative debate by the House Rules
Committee allowing relevant amendments to a bill.
,modified rules - Answer-Conditions placed on a legislative debate by the House Rules
Committee allowing certain amendments to a bill while barring others.
constitutional authority - Answer-Powers derived from the provisions of the Constitution
that outline the president's role in government.
statutory authority - Answer-Powers derived from laws enacted by Congress that add to
the powers given to the president in the Constitution.
vesting clause - Answer-the president's constitutional authority to control most executive
functions
head of government - Answer-one role of the president, through which he or she has
authority over the executive branch
head of state - Answer-One role of the president, through which he or she represents
the country symbolically and politically.
recess appointment - Answer-Selection by the president of a person to be an
ambassador or the head of a department while the Senate is not in session, thereby
bypassing Senate approval. Unless approved by a subsequent Senate vote, recess
appointees serve only to the end of the congressional term.
executive orders - Answer-proclamations made by the president that change
government policy without congressional approval
executive agreement - Answer-An agreement between the president and a foreign head
of state; it has the full force and effect of law while that president is in power; often used
to conduct foreign policy because it does not require approval from another body in
order to take effect.
State of the Union - Answer-An annual speech in which the president addresses
Congress to report on the condition of the country and recommend policies.
executive privilege - Answer-the right of the president to keep executive branch
conversations and correspondence confidential from the legislative and judicial
branches
Executive Office of the President - Answer-The group of policy-related offices that
serves as support staff to the president.
Cabinet - Answer-The group of 15 executive department heads who implement the
president's agenda in their respective positions
interest groups - Answer-An organization of people who share common political
interests and aim to influence public policy by electioneering and lobbying.
, linkage institutions - Answer-institutions such as political parties, interest groups, the
media, and elections that are channels through which individuals can communicate their
preferences to policy makers
interest group state - Answer-A government in which most policy decisions are
determined by the influence of interest groups.
centralized groups - Answer-Interest groups that have a headquarters, usually in
Washington, D.C., as well as members and field offices throughout the country. In
general, these groups' lobbying decisions are made at headquarters by the group
leaders.
Confederation - Answer-interests groups made up of several independent, local
organizations that provide much of their funding and hold most of the power
revolving door - Answer-The movement of individuals from government positions to jobs
with interest groups or lobbying firms, and vice versa.
iron triangles - Answer-informal alliance of elected officials, bureaucrats and interests
groups, designed to let these groups and individuals dominate the policy-making
process in a given area
mass associations - Answer-interest groups that have a large number of dues-paying
individuals as members
peak associations - Answer-interest groups whose members are businesses or other
organizations rather than individuals
collective action problem - Answer-A situation in which the members of a group would
benefit by working together to produce some outcome, but each individual is better off
refusing to cooperate and reaping benefits from those who do the work.
free riding - Answer-Relying on others to contribute to a collective effort while failing to
participate on one's own behalf, yet still benefiting from the group's successes.
selective incentives - Answer-Benefits that can motivate participation in a group effort
because they are available only to those who participate, such as member services
offered by interest groups.
solidary benefits - Answer-Satisfaction derived from the experience of working with like-
minded people, even if the group's efforts do not achieve the desired impact.
purposive benefits - Answer-Satisfaction derived from the experience of working toward
a desired policy goal, even if the goal is not achieved.
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