1. HESI Extra Credit Module 1 Exam – Developmental Stages and Transitions
1. A nurse is providing information to a group of pregnant clients and their
partners about the psychosocial development of an infant. Using Erikson's
theory of psychosocial development, what should the nurse tell the group about
the infants?
A. Rely on the fact that their needs will be met Correct
B. Need to tolerate a great deal of frustration and discomfort to
develop a healthy personality
C. Must have needs ignored for short periods to develop a
healthy personality
D. Need to experience frustration, so it is best to allow an infant to
cry for a while before meeting his or her needs
Rationale: According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, infants
struggle to establish a sense of basic trust rather than a sense of basic mistrust
in their world, their caregivers, and themselves. If provided with consistent
satisfying experiences that are delivered in a timely manner, infants come to
rely on the fact that their needs are met and that, in turn, they will be able to
tolerate some degree of frustration and discomfort until those needs are met.
This sense of confidence is an early form of trust and provides the foundation
for a healthy personality. Therefore the other options are incorrect.
Test-Taking Strategy: Eliminate the option that contains the closed-ended word
"must." Eliminate the options that are comparable or alike and indicate that
experiencing frustration is necessary. Review: Erikson’s theory of psychosocial
development as it relates to the infant.
Reference:
McKinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Nelson, K. & Ashwill, J. (2013). Maternal-
child nursing (4th ed., pp. 74-75). St. Louis: Elsevier.
Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying
Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Integrated Process: Teaching and Learning
Content Area: Developmental Stages
Giddens Concepts: Development, Reproduction
HESI Concepts: Developmental, Sexuality/Reproduction
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
2. 2.ID: 9476987754
A nurse is weighing a breastfed 6-month-old infant who has been brought to
the pediatrician's office for a scheduled visit. The infant's weight at birth was 6
lb 8 oz (2.9 kg). The nurse notes that the infant now weighs 13 lb (5.9
kg). Which action should the nurse take?
, A. Tell the mother that the infant's weight is increasing as
expected Correct
B. Tell the mother to decrease the daily number of feedings
because the weight gain is excessive
C. Tell the mother that semisolid foods should not be introduced
until the infant's weight stabilizes
D. Tell the mother that the infant should be switched from breast
milk to formula because the weight gain is inadequate
Rationale: Infants usually double their birth weight by 6 months and triple it by 1
year of age. If the infant is 6 lb 8 oz (2.9 kg), at birth, a weight of 13 lb (5.9 kg)
at 6 months of age is to be expected. Semisolid foods are usually introduced
between 4 and 6 months of age.
Test-Taking Strategy: Focus on the subject in the question, the current weight
of the infant. Recalling that infants double their weight by 6 months of age will
direct you to the correct option. Review: the growth rate of an infant.
Reference: McKinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Nelson, K. & Ashwill, J.
(2013). Maternal-child nursing (4th ed., pp. 488-489). St. Louis: Elsevier.
Potter, P., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P. A., & Hall, A. M. (2013). Fundamentals of
nursing. (8th ed., p. 143). St. Louis: Mosby.
Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying
Client Needs: Physiological Integrity
Integrated Process: Nursing Process/Implementation
Content Area: Developmental Stages
Giddens Concepts: Development, Nutrition
HESI Concepts: Developmental, Nutrition
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
3. 3.ID: 9476997157
A nurse performing a physical assessment of a 12-month-old infant notes that
the infant's head circumference is the same as the chest circumference. Based
on this finding, what should the nurse do?
A. Suspect the presence of hydrocephalus
B. Suggest to the pediatrician that a skull x-ray be performed
C. Tell the mother that the infant is growing faster than expected
D. Document these measurements in the infant's health-care
record Correct
Rationale: The head circumference growth rate during the first year is
approximately 0.4 inch (1 cm) per month. By 10 to 12 months of age, the
infant’s head and chest circumferences are equal. Therefore, suspecting the
presence of hydrocephalus, telling the mother that the infant is growing faster
than expected, and suggesting that a skull x-ray be performed are incorrect.
Test-Taking Strategy: Eliminate the options that are comparable or alike and
, indicate that the infant has a physiological problem. Review: the expected
growth rate of an infant.
Reference: McKinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Nelson, K. & Ashwill, J.
(2013). Maternal-child nursing (4th ed., p. 69, 489-490). St. Louis: Elsevier.
Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying
Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Integrated Process: Nursing Process/Implementation
Content Area: Developmental Stages
Giddens Concepts: Clinical Judgment, Development
HESI Concepts: Clinical Decision-Making/Clinical Judgment, Developmental
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
4. 4.ID: 9476985787
A new mother asks the nurse, "I was told that my infant received my antibodies
during pregnancy. Does that mean that my infant is protected against
infections?" Which statement should the nurse make in response to the
mother?
A. "Yes, your infant is protected from all infections."
B. "If you breastfeed, your infant is protected from infection."
C. "The transfer of your antibodies protects your infant until the
infant is 12 months old."
D. "The immune system of an infant is immature, and the infant is
at risk for infection." Correct
Rationale: Transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies supplements the
infant’s weak response to infection until approximately 3 to 4 months of age.
Although the infant begins to produce immunoglobulin (Ig) soon after birth, by 1
year of age the infant has only approximately 60% of the adult IgG level, 75%
of the adult IgM level, and 20% of the adult IgA level. Breast milk transmits
additional IgA protection. The activity of T-lymphocytes also increases after
birth. Even though the immune system matures during infancy, maximal
protection against infection is not achieved until early childhood. This
immaturity places the infant at risk for infection.
Test-Taking Strategy: Eliminate the option containing the closed-ended word
"all." Recalling that breastfeeding alone does not protect the infant from
infection will assist you in eliminating the option that suggests breastfeeding
protects the infant. From the remaining options, use the strategy of selecting
the umbrella option to answer correctly. Review: the physiological concepts
related to the maturity of body systems in an infant.
References: McKinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Nelson, K. & Ashwill, J.
(2013). Maternal-child nursing (4th ed., pp. 477-478). St. Louis: Elsevier.
Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying
Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment
, Integrated Process: Nursing Process/Implementation
Content Area: Developmental Stages
Giddens Concepts: Development, Immunity
HESI Concepts: Developmental, Immunity
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
5. 5.ID: 9476985720
A nurse is assessing the language development of a 9-month-old infant. Which
developmental milestone does the nurse expect to note in an infant of this age?
A. The infant babbles.
B. The infant says "Mama." Correct
C. The infant smiles and coos.
D. The infant babbles single consonants.
Rationale: An 8- to 9-month-old infant can string vowels and consonants
together. The first words, such as "Mama," "Daddy," "bye-bye," and "baby,"
begin to have meaning. A 1- to 3-month-old infant produces cooing sounds.
Babbling is common in a 3- to 4-month-old. Single-consonant babbling occurs
between 6 and 8 months of age.
Test-Taking Strategy: Focus on the subject, the age of the infant. Recalling the
language development that occurs during infancy will direct you to the correct
option. Remember that an 8- to 9-month-old infant can string vowels and
consonants together. Review: the developmental milestones related to
language development in an infant.
Reference:McKinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Nelson, K. & Ashwill, J.
(2013). Maternal-child nursing (4th ed., pp. 94, 112). St. Louis: Elsevier.
Level of Cognitive Ability: Understanding
Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Integrated Process: Nursing Process/Assessment
Content Area: Developmental Stages
Giddens Concepts: Commuication, Development
HESI Concepts: Communication, Developmental
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
6. 6.ID: 9476988639
The mother of a 9-month-old infant calls the nurse at the pediatrician's office,
tells the nurse that her infant is teething, and asks what can be done to relieve
the infant's discomfort. What should the nurse instruct the mother to do?
A. Schedule an appointment with a dentist for a dental evaluation
B. Rub the infant's gums with baby aspirin that has been
dissolved in water
C. Obtain an over-the-counter (OTC) topical medication for gum-
pain relief
