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BBH 451 Exam 4 Practice Questions and Correct Answers
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Nicotine is found in _________________ tobacco Nicotine Pharmacokinetics: Route of Administration Metabolized by Metabolite Half-life inhalation CYP2A6 Cotinine 2 hours Although nicotine is readily absorbed, only about _______% of the nicotine in an average cigarette actually makes it into ...

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  • 26 août 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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  • nicotine is found in tobacco
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BBH 451 Exam 4 Practice Questions and
Correct Answers
Nicotine is found in _________________ ✅tobacco

Nicotine Pharmacokinetics:
Route of Administration

Metabolized by

Metabolite

Half-life ✅inhalation

CYP2A6

Cotinine

2 hours

Although nicotine is readily absorbed, only about _______% of the nicotine in an
average cigarette actually makes it into the bloodstream. ✅20

Because cigarettes contain, on average, about ______ mg of nicotine, smokers only
take in about _________ mg of nicotine per cigarette. This is fortunate, as nicotine is a
very poisonous substance, with a lethal dose being only around _______ mg. ✅10

1-2

60

group of ionotropic receptors nicotine acts at are called ✅acetylcholine receptors

Nicotine Pharmacodynamics:
Mechanism of Action ✅acts as an agonist in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
and central nervous system (CNS), on receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

group of ionotropic receptors nicotine acts at are called nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Nicotine Pharmacodynamics: Effects of the Drug ✅One of its actions in the CNS is to
increase dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (from neurons that originate in
the ventral tegmental area). This can occur due to nicotine binding to nAChRs on

,dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, or to binding to receptors on other
neurons that in turn stimulate dopamine neurons. This effect on dopamine levels is
likely linked to nicotine's reinforcing quality.



can also cause increased release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is thought
to improve cognitive performance by enhancing memory and focus.

Nicotine also can have aversive effects at high doses. These include dizziness, nausea,
and vomiting. These effects often occur in inexperienced smokers who are unfamiliar
with how to manage the amount of smoke they inhale.

Nesbitt's Paradox: ✅Smokers will often claim that smoking makes them feel more
relaxed, which is somewhat surprising because the effects of the drug on the PNS are
to cause increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.

likely due to activation of acetylcholine receptors in the sympathetic nervous system,
which leads to the release of epinephrine and norephinephrine


basically, effects of nicotine indicate a stress response not relaxation even though that
is what people report

nicotine is widely considered to be among the most addictive drugs. T/F ✅true

what are some reasons as to why when studied in the laboratory the results do not
always indicate that nicotine is addictive?/what else besides nicotine might contribute to
addiction? ✅1. Other Substances:
other substances in tobacco that increase the addictive nature of the substance or that
other aspects of tobacco use tend to increase its addictiveness. examples, tobacco
smoke has monoamine oxidase inhibitors.

2. Social Factors:

in humans there may be things like social factors that play an important role in nicotine
addiction. For example, when people experiment with nicotine/tobacco for the first time,
it may be at a young age with friends. They may get a sense of reward from appearing
daring around their friends, or feel stimulated by the potential risks of getting caught that
are linked to surreptitiously smoking.

or, when older, feeling reward when smoking with other smokers linked to positive
social interaction

Withdrawal symptoms of Nicotine:

, when do they start and how long do they last: ✅Withdrawal syndrome:

including strong cravings, irritability, difficult concentrating, increased appetite and
weight gain (average of 8-11 pounds) , and insomnia.

symptoms of withdrawal start within a couple hours of last use of drug. can last days to
weeks

Negative Health Effects of nicotine (4): ✅1. Lung cancer-

nictotine itself isn't cacinogenic but tobacco contains lots of substances that are
considered carcinongenic like ammonia, fomraldehyde, carbon monoxide. some others
can cause damage to DNA which increases risk of cancer

2. Cardiovascular Disease-

cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide

when carbon monoxide is taken into the body it diminishes the oxygen-carrying capacity
of the blood. This means that the heart receives less oxygen. In addition, nicotine
causes increases in heart rate and blood pressure, which puts more stress on the heart.

this causes major risk for coronary heart disease

3. Pulmonary Disease

combustion of tobacco produces ash as well as tar,

Over time, the accumulation of these substances can begin to damage lung tissue. This
can make the lungs more susceptible to infection or diseases related to lung damage

4. Other effects

strongly linked to type 2 diabetes and is thought to promote insulin resistance

negative effects on vision

increase risk of cataracts and blindness

skin aging prematurely

Smoking and Pregnancy: ✅increased risk the baby will be born early, or that it will
have low birth weight. The baby's weight, however, is likely to become normal by the
time he or she is 18 months old.

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