Examen
NUR 104 Exam 2 Questions And Answers With Real Tests
- Cours
- Établissement
NUR 104 Exam 2 Questions And Answers With Real Tests
[Montrer plus]
Vendeur
S'abonner
Nipsey
Avis reçus
Aperçu du contenu
NUR 104 Exam 2 Questions And Answers With RealTests
Calcium ANS 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
-absorbed from food in the presence of normal Vitamin D
-99% is in bones, 1% in the blood
-3 forms in the blood: protein bound (45%), ionized (40%- which is just calcium by itself), bound to other
substances (15%)
-Ionized calcium vs. total calcium: means if there is low albumin (protein), you may have a low TOTAL calcium,
but normal ionized calcium
Functions of Calcium ANS (MUSCLES AND NERVES)
-major role in transmitting nerve impulses
-regulates muscle contraction and relaxation (including cardiac muscle)
-activates enzymes that stimulate various chemical reactions
-role in blood coagulation (specific to Ca)
Calcium Regulation ANS Calcitonin:
-produced by the thyroid, tonin down Ca (DECREASES Ca) by...
-preventing osteoclasts from breaking down bones and encouraging osteoblasts to create new bone
(take Ca from the blood and put it back)
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH):
-produced by the parathyroid, INCREASES Ca by....
-encouraging osteoclasts to break down bone and tells kidneys to reabsorb calcium and activate vitamin D
-Activated Vitamin D = Calcitrol: which tells intestines to absorb more calcium and tells kidneys to decrease
excretion of calcium
Hypocalcemia (low calcium) ANS Serum Level Less Than 8.5 mg/dL, must be in conjunction with serum
albumin level
Causes:
-Hypoparathyroidism: sucky parathyroid glands, therefore, DECREASES Ca
,-Malabsorption: not eating appropriately, no vitamin D, diarrhea, vomiting DECREASES Ca
-Pancreatitis
-Renal failure: INCREASES Pho, DECREASES Ca
-Alkalosis: not enough hydrogen, calcium binds to single proteins; no ionized Ca left
-Medications: aluminimum, aminoglycosides, LOOP DIURETICS
Hypocalcemia Manifestations ANS Ca CALMS: IRRITABLE NERVES/MUSCLES
-tetany: muscle spasms
-paresthesia: tingly/numbness (circumoral numbness- around the mouth)
-hyperactive DTRs
-Trosseau's Sign: inflate BP cuff, spasm of the wrisT
-Chovstek's Sign: tap CHeek, facial twitching
-seizures
-respiratory symptoms of dyspnea and laryngospasm
-mental status changes
-dangerous ECG changes (Torsades): heart beats fast
-Abnormal clotting
Hypocalcemia Medical/Nursing Management ANS Medical:
-IV calcium gluconate
-calcium and vitamin D supplements
-diet
Nursing:
-assessment of manifestations
-patient teaching related to diet and medications
-IV calcium administration: for severe issues- infuse on pump, ECG monitoring, monitor for infiltration
-seizure precautions: safety, bed pads, suction
Hypercalcemia (high Ca) ANS Serum Level Greater Than 10.5 mg/dL
-not as common, more deadlier/dangerous
,Causes:
-malignancy: cancer (attacks bone and releases Ca in blood)
-hyperparathyroidism: not actively working INCREASES Ca
-Medications: Ca containing antacids (tums), thiazide diuretics (prevent renal excretion of Ca)
-bone loss related to immobility or fracture
Hypercalcemia Manifestations ANS -muscle weakness
-incoordination (no signals firing)
-thirst leading to polyuria and dehydration
-mental status changes
-constipation occurs, then anorexia bc stomach hurts, then comes out the other way through N/V
-abdominal and bone pain
-ECG changes: heart nerve impulses are not moving, moving VERY slow (can die from this)
Hypercalcemia Medical/Nursing Management ANS Medical:
-treat underlying cause
-IV fluids: to flush it out
-Furosemide: loop diuretic
-Corticosteroids: decrease intestinal absorption of Ca
-Calcitonin: DECREASES Ca and tells body to stop bone breakdown and build new bone
-IV Phosphorus (emergency only): reciprocal relationship of pho and Ca, may cause hypocalcemia
Nursing:
-assessment of manifestations
-fluids of 3 to 4 L per day
-provide fluids containing sodium unless contraindicated
-fiber for constipation
-ensure safety
-ECG monitoring
, Phosphorus ANS 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
-located in bones and teeth (85%), intracellular fluid (blood-14%), extracellular fluid (vitamin D- 1%)
-may have low levels of phosphate in the blood while having normal phosphate stores in bone/teeth/etc.
-absorbed from food in the presence of Vitamin D
Phosphorus Functions ANS -maintains acid-base balance as a hydrogen buffer
-PROMOTES ENERGY STORAGE IN THE FORM OF ATP
-bone and teeth formation
-regulation of hormone and coenzyme activity
-role in muscle, white, and red blood cell function
Phosphorus Regulation ANS -readily absorbed in the GI tract (10% excreted by GI)
-certain conditions cause phosphorus to move in and out cells, which affects serum levels
-insulin and alkalosis cause phosphorus to move into cells
-excreted or reabsorbed mostly by kidneys as influences by PTH (PTH increases Ca)
PTH release: PTH DECREASES PHOSPHORUS
-tells bones to release phosphorus and intestines to increase absorption
-tells kidneys to INCREASE EXCRETION OF PHOSPHORUS
-RECALL: PTH release tells the kidneys to reabsorb calcium
-Therefore: calcium and phosphorus have an INVERSE RELATIONSHIP
Hypophosphatemia (low phosphate) ANS Serum level below 2.5 mg/dL
Causes:
-refeeding of patients after starvation
-vitamin D deficiency
-use of diuretics and phosphorus binding antacids
-diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
-hyperparathyroidism: INCREASES Ca, DECREASES Pho
-diarrhea
Les avantages d'acheter des résumés chez Stuvia:
Qualité garantie par les avis des clients
Les clients de Stuvia ont évalués plus de 700 000 résumés. C'est comme ça que vous savez que vous achetez les meilleurs documents.
L’achat facile et rapide
Vous pouvez payer rapidement avec iDeal, carte de crédit ou Stuvia-crédit pour les résumés. Il n'y a pas d'adhésion nécessaire.
Focus sur l’essentiel
Vos camarades écrivent eux-mêmes les notes d’étude, c’est pourquoi les documents sont toujours fiables et à jour. Cela garantit que vous arrivez rapidement au coeur du matériel.
Foire aux questions
Qu'est-ce que j'obtiens en achetant ce document ?
Vous obtenez un PDF, disponible immédiatement après votre achat. Le document acheté est accessible à tout moment, n'importe où et indéfiniment via votre profil.
Garantie de remboursement : comment ça marche ?
Notre garantie de satisfaction garantit que vous trouverez toujours un document d'étude qui vous convient. Vous remplissez un formulaire et notre équipe du service client s'occupe du reste.
Auprès de qui est-ce que j'achète ce résumé ?
Stuvia est une place de marché. Alors, vous n'achetez donc pas ce document chez nous, mais auprès du vendeur Nipsey. Stuvia facilite les paiements au vendeur.
Est-ce que j'aurai un abonnement?
Non, vous n'achetez ce résumé que pour €12,77. Vous n'êtes lié à rien après votre achat.
Peut-on faire confiance à Stuvia ?
4.6 étoiles sur Google & Trustpilot (+1000 avis)
68560 résumés ont été vendus ces 30 derniers jours
Fondée en 2010, la référence pour acheter des résumés depuis déjà 15 ans
Récemment vu par vous
Examen ·
World CIV - Decolonization in Africa Study Guide Test.
Resume ·
BSC 2346 Module_05_Midterm_Exam_Review ( LATEST UPDATE )
Examen ·
Firefighter 1 Exam Questions & Answers 100% verified
Examen ·
NEHA REHS/RS Exam - Practice Questions Already Graded A
Autre ·
Assignment Fundamental of Nursing Informatics (NR 512)
Resume ·
Samenvatting hoofstuk 8 Engels in het basisonderwijs
Examen ·
W3_W4_NR512 Second Life (SL) Scavenger Hunt Work Sheet
Examen ·
NCLEX PN EXAM TEST BANK 2022/2023 | 725 Verified Q&A
