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Essentials of Biostatistics and Public Health Ch. 1-3 Distinguish between the two main types of epidemiology studies. What are the inferences of each? - correct answers (1) Observational studies (sometimes called descriptive or associational studies, n€7,79
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Essentials of Biostatistics and Public Health Ch. 1-3 Distinguish between the two main types of epidemiology studies. What are the inferences of each? - correct answers (1) Observational studies (sometimes called descriptive or associational studies, n
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Essentials of Biostatistics and Public Health
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Essentials Of Biostatistics And Public Health
Essentials of Biostatistics and Public Health Ch. 1-3
Distinguish between the two main types of epidemiology studies. What are the inferences of each? - correct answers (1) Observational studies (sometimes called descriptive or associational studies, nonrandomized, or historical studies. Obse...
Essentials of Biostatistics and Public
Health Ch. 1-3
Distinguish between the two main types of epidemiology studies. What are the inferences of each? -
correct answers (1) Observational studies (sometimes called descriptive or associational studies,
nonrandomized, or historical studies. Observational studies can be used to alert the medical community,
they can be used to generate hypotheses, and they can be used to assess specific associations.
Inferences limited to descriptions and associations; with carefully designed analysis can make stronger
inferences (statistical adjustment).
(2) Randomized studies (sometimes called analytic or experimental studies) can be used to test
hypotheses or to evaluate the effect of an intervention (e.g., a behavioral or pharmacologic
intervention).
Inferences are cause-and-effect.
Case-control study: design - correct answers Observational & retrospective; compares a group of people
w/ disease to a group without the disease; looks for prior exposure or risk factor; asks, "what
happened?"
Case-control study: measures, examples, advantages & disadvantages. - correct answers Measures
Odds Ratio; "pts w/ COPD had higher odds of a history of smoking than those without COPD"
Advantages: Cost and time efficient for rare outcomes, Best for diseases with long latency.
Disadvantages: Need careful selection of cases and controls, Bias:
- Selection bias - select cases or controls and some drop out
- leaving groups not comparable
- Observation bias - knowledge of disease might influence
reporting of exposure (overreporting among cases)
- Recall bias - retrospective (long term)
Cohort study: design - correct answers Observational & prospective; compares a group with a given
exposure or risk factor to a group that has had no exposure; looks to see if exposure incr. the likelihood
of disease; asks, "what is happening over time?"
Example: smokers had a higher risk of developing COPD than did nonsmokers
, Advantages: can access temporal relationships
Disadvantages: need large numbers for rare outcomes, confounding
Cross-sectional: design - correct answers Observational; collects data from a group of people to assess
frequency of disease (& related risk factors) @ a particular point in time; asks, "what is happening?"
Cross-sectional: measures, examples, advantages & disadvantages. - correct answers Measures disease
prevalence; can show risk factor association w/ disease, but does not establish causality.
Example: Is there an association between diabetes and
cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
Advantages: Cost-efficient, easy to implement, ethical, often large # of participants which helps allow for
estimates of risk factors, diseases, practices, or opinions in different subgroups of interest.
Disadvantages:
- it is not possible to assess temporal relationships, specifically whether the exposure or risk factor
occurred prior to the outcome of interest due to the study being conducted at one point in time and due
to both the exposure or development of a risk factor (e.g., hypertension) and the outcome have
occurred prior to the study.
-Another issue is related to non-response.
While a large sample may be targeted, in some situations only a small fraction of participants
approached agree to participate and complete the survey. Depending on the features of the
participants and non-participants, non-response can introduce
bias or limit generalizability.
Case series study: design - correct answers Observational; systematic review of the interesting and
common features of a small collection, or series, of cases. The case series does not include a control or
comparison group.
These types of studies are important
in the medical field as they have historically served
to identify new diseases.
Case series study: measures, examples, advantages & disadvantages. - correct answers Descriptions of
interesting observations, do not measure anything in particular. They are often used to generate specific
hypotheses, which are then tested with other, larger studies.
Example: Initial report of five cases of pneumocystis pneumonia in previously healthy, homosexual men.
Turned out to be HIV-AIDS.
Advantages: relatively easy to conduct, cost-efficient.
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