Enlightenment (17-18th century, France and Europe) - correct answer A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
- skepticism towards tradition/religion
Pietism in Lutheran Germ...
Enlightenment (17-18th century, France and Europe) - correct answer A movement
in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social
institutions.
- skepticism towards tradition/religion
Pietism in Lutheran Germany (17th century, Germany) - correct answer Quest for
inner light rather than reason; inner spiritual experience independent from religious doctrines
- opposed Enlightenment
- not conservative
Great Awakening (1739-1744, US) - correct answer A sudden outbreak of religious
fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.
- Church of England, John Wesley
- New understanding of natural rights and religious denunciation of slave trade
- Methodism
Methodism (18th century, Church of England, Great Britain and US) - correct answer
A religion founded by John Wesley. Insisted strict self-discipline and a methodical approach to religious
study and observance. Emphasized an intense personal salvation and a life of thrift, abstinence, and
hard work
- democratic ideals (ind. worth and consciousness separate from religion)
- Denounced as "enthusiasm"
Freemasonry (18th century, France) - correct answer An organization that
encouraged secrecy; Dedicated to spreading Liberalism/Secularism
- respectful of God
- Created fear of conspiracy of "illuminati" --> "the enlightened ones"
,Philosophe (18th century, France) - correct answer Group of social/literary critics
etc
- wrote for attention, to spread Enlightenment
- Middle and lower classes
- Approach subjects critically, with inquiry
- Emilie du Chatelet, Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great
- Heightened literacy
Public Opinion - correct answer Malesherbes: "an independent social force "that all
powers respect, that appreciates all talents, that pronounces on all people of merit"
- censorship by church, Parlement of Paris
Montesquieu (1689-1755, France) --> Dont-a-eux (jurisdiction --> checks and balances) - correct answer
French philosophe. Said "Power checks power" and expressed the idea of separation of powers.
- Antiabsolutism
- "Spirit of Laws, 1748" --> different Govs suited to different climates (despotism --> large empires in hot
climate)
- feudal liberties
- monarchy, aristocracy and democracy
- Reactionary
Voltaire (1694-1778) - correct answer championed the enlightened principles of
reason, progress, toleration, and individual liberty
, Natural Religion (18th century, France) - correct answer Difference between good
and evil arose from reason
- reason revealed essential truths and good human actions
- supernatural makes people stupid
- VOLTAIRE
Universal History - correct answer Secular conception of world history through a
Judeo-Christian scope
Enlightened Government (18th century, France and East Europe) - correct answer -
fought against stupidity
- kept clergy subordinate
- allowed freedom of thought and religion
- development of reason and science
- advanced material and technical progress
Enlightened Despotism (18th century, France and Eastern Europe) - correct answer -
Absolute rule justified not on grounds of heredity or divine right
- Secular in outlook and justification, as in Frederick the Great's self-description as "the first servant of
the state."
- Used to rationalize and organize the state from the top down during the Age of the Enlightenment.
- Large civilized countries
- Rational elites take power
- Strong state to fight ignorance
- Liberty for Enlightened
- Rational and Reformist --> from 1740-1748 and 1756-1763 wars--> increase revenue, new taxes, limit
gov body, centralize politics
- only true change would come with revolution (limitation)
Maupeou Parlement (1771, France) - correct answer Post-7 Years war
Louis XV sought to eliminate parliaments after war debts to gain central control
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