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Bsc 1010 Exam 2 Preparatory Notes
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This is a comprehensive and detailed preparatory note on Exam 2 for BSC 1010. *Essential Study Material!!
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2/1/18Bio Principles Lecture
Unit 2
CHAP 6 (Cells)
Rule of Thumb:3
Question 1: How long can you survive without water?
- 3 days
Question 2: How long can a human survive without food?
- 3 weeks
Question 3: How long can you survive without oxygen?
- 3 minutes
Digestive System
Define: How animals obtain food to survive
How does the digestive system feed the cells in the body?
-by the blood stream
Food that is being digested is being broken down
The intestines are surrounded by capillaries (blood vessels), all the nutrients are
being diffused into the vascular system and then to the rest of the body
Villi- finger like projections present in the intestines
Nutrients absorbed from small intestine are transported throughout the body in
the bloodstream.
Every single cell in the body has to obtain food
Red Blood Cells carrying oxygen from the lungs and taking Co2 and releasing it,
CO2 as a result being toxic, RBC binds to the CO2
- Oxygen being brought to cells and Co2 is being taken away
The cells push the cellular waste into this space and they find their way to the lymphatic
system or circulatory system
Cells produce chemicals and toxins
3. Why do animals eat?
Ingests and breaks down food so that it can be absorbed by the body
Ex: A strawberry is digested the food molecules (sugar) will go to the
mitochondria producing atp(energy) powering all the cells.
3. What does the heart do?
Enables the transport of nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes to and from all
the cells of the body
Blood is muscular and has the job of pumping blood and everything that’s
dissolved in it – nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes
Blood is part of cardiovascular system
, 3. Why do we breathe?
Enables gas exchange, supplying blood w/oxygen and removing carbon
dioxide.
Blood is oxygenated in the blood
If the heart fails, the lung fails have an interlinking connection
3. Why do animals urinate?
Elimination of liquid wastes; regulation of water balance.
Excreting cellular waste through the kidneys, filtering it out
through the urine.
The kidneys also regulate the amount of water one will have,
keeps the correct amount of water in the body
If one doesn’t drink enough water the kidney will suffer as we
always need to be flushing out the cellular waste
Cellular WasteKidneysUrine
Paramecium (Protozoa)
Made of one cell, all identical
Gas exchange occurs through the mitochondria, where cellular respiration
will take place
3. Summary
1. We eat so that cells have nutrients
2. We breathe so that cells have oxygen
3. we urinate to excrete cellular wastes-
- feces is the waste from food that you eat
- cellular waste leaves the body through the kidneys
4. Blood carries nutrients and oxygen to all cells and removes wastes and
carbon dioxide from the cells
4. Oxygen and Cellular Respiration
Once they get into the cell going to mitochondria, energy occurs
by cellular respiration. The released energy is stored in the form of
ATP
A. Cells – “the smallest unit of Life”
Humans made of billions of cells, all are identical made of the
same genetic makeup
Multicellular- as different cells are doing different things making
us multicellular, different genes are expressed
20,000 genes in total different cells will turn on different genes
making them specialize into whatever they will become
, I. Cells- “the smallest unit of Life”
-A. Cytology
1. Robert Hooke (1665)
- used light from the sun
A.2. Types of Microscopes
2 lenses: Ocular lens at top of microscope & objective lenses (10x most common
eyepiece lens)
- Human Cheek Cells
All cells are transparent unless it’s a plant cell due to chloroplast giving it it’s
green pigment
Ex: Green is cytoskeleton and red is the nucleus
i. Compound Light Microscopes
Tiny purple dots are prokaryotic- bacteria
Light purple- eukaryotic cell
Largest bacteria=Cyanobacterium
i. Electron Microscopy
Electron Microscope: shoots beams on the electrons,
electron sends out images
Two Types:
Transmission: Goes through the cell
Scanning: Getting the surface of the cell
I. Cells.A.3. Why are most cells small?
As a cell increases in size, its volume
increases faster than its surface area
Optimization of nutrients is why cells are so
small
Q: Surface to volume ratio of 6 or 1.2 is better for a cell?
1.2, more surface to feed a smaller volume- smaller cells are able to obtain enough food
smaller cells have a larger surface to volume ratio, to feed a smaller volume
Cell Theory:
-Cell is the smallest unit of life, basic unit of life
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells
- all living organisms are composed of one or more cell
Prokaryotic Cells “Bacteria”
Many can be colonial, living in groups
The most common shapes of prokaryotes:
1. Cocci- Circles (spherical)
2. Bacillus- Rod shaped
3. Spirochaete- spiral-shaped
ex: Lyme Disease- always by itself
, 4. Bacteria: The First Living Organism
Prokaryotic Cell
*Know structure of cell for test
Capsule(yellow)slide#25 - typically being sugary will protect the bacteria from being
digested
Bacteria attaches to surfaces all using pili to attach to the skin
All prokaryotic organisms made of cell walls
Gram positive – really thick cell wall
Gram Negative- really thin cell wall
Plasma Membrane- Double layer of phospholipids
Plasmid- smaller piece of DNA, not a chromosome
- Resistant to antibiotics
Bacteria has one circular DNA and it tends to be attached to the plasma membrane
Resistance to antibiotics happens fast, can pass it to a plasmid very quick
Animal Cell (eukaryotic)
Plasma Membrane- controls what comes in and out of the cell
Cytosol – Fluid
Cytoplasm- includes the organelles +fluid
Chromosomes never leave the nucleus unless the cell is dividing
ER- FACTORIES OF THE CELLS
Rough ER-(studded w/ ribosomes)- Produces proteins will be exported from the cell or can be
dangerous to the cell
Smooth ER- Some lipids will be made and more plasma membrane will be made here
Ribosomes- can be free in the cell or attached to the cell
Types of Organelles
Golgi Apparatus- Modifies shaping and packing structure, where change will be
activated, synthesizes polysaccharides
Mitochondria- Power house of the cell, glucose, proteins, carbs, and lipids all broken
down in the mitochondria to produce into energy (ATP)
Lysosomes-(cleaners or trash keepers of the cell) digest food particles and mitochondria
that will stop functioning, can be dangerous as they have digestive enzymes
Cytoskeleton- rods of proteins that gives the cell it’s shape
Endo cytoskeleton- (internal skeleton) inside the cyto skeleton
Centrioles- (made of protein) important role in animal cellular division
spindle doesn’t form in animal cells if you take centrioles out
Test Q: Prokaryotic cells lack?
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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