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Summary, Urbanism and Design period 1, Exam
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Summary, Urbanism and Design period 1, ExamA global Hierarchy of Cities..........................................................................................................1
Globalization....................................................................................................................... 1
Neoliberalism...................................................................................................................... 2
Saskia Sassen...............................................................................................................2
Manuel Castells (1942-).................................................................................................2
Sassen Vs. Castell..................................................................................................................3
Peter J. Taylor (1944-)...................................................................................................3
The GaWC-methodology....................................................................................................3
Jannifer Robinson..........................................................................................................4
Urban Governance....................................................................................................................... 4
The rise of governance perspective planning..........................................................................5
Clarence N. Stone.........................................................................................................5
Jane Jacobs...................................................................................................................6
Definition of Governance....................................................................................................6
Empirical Perspective.............................................................................................................. 6
Neoliberalism...................................................................................................................... 6
Jane Jacobs: “Ordinairy people should be more involved in the planning.”....................7
Summary of Empirical Perspective of governance:.............................................................7
The Netherlands - A planner’s paradise?................................................................................7
New environment and planning act (omgevingswet)...........................................................8
Analytical Perspective.............................................................................................................8
Institutions.......................................................................................................................... 8
Jepperson (1991):.......................................................................................................... 8
Housing 1 (Developed)................................................................................................................ 8
Housing as an urgent challenge.........................................................................................8
The link between planning and housing..............................................................................9
The governance of housing: Actors..................................................................................10
Diverse actors of housing governance:.................................................................................10
The governance of housing: Formal institutions................................................................11
The role of planners in the housing market.......................................................................11
Housing 2 (Developing)............................................................................................................. 12
Urbanization and informal housing....................................................................................12
The function and destruction of informal housing settlements...........................................13
Informality beyond the ‘global south’.................................................................................13
Challenge: Sustainable Cities 1 (Types of Urban Sustainability)................................................14
Dimensions of sustainable development...........................................................................14
Principles of Environmental Sustainability........................................................................15
Social capital (Robert Putnam).....................................................................................17
Challenge: Sustainable Cities 2.................................................................................................17
Environmental Benefits of Urbanization............................................................................17
Resilience......................................................................................................................... 18
, Design Principles for Flood resilience...............................................................................18
Challenge: Placemaking............................................................................................................ 19
Place, space and ‘placelessness’.....................................................................................19
Understanding place from the inside out...........................................................................19
Friedman (2010) on encounters...................................................................................21
Challenge: Neighborhoods and Liveability.................................................................................21
Livability............................................................................................................................ 22
Livability for whom?.......................................................................................................... 22
Why do neighborhoods matter?........................................................................................22
Divining the neighborhood................................................................................................24
Neighborhoods influence people’s life..............................................................................25
Challenge: Citizen Participation.................................................................................................25
3 waves of active citizenship.............................................................................................26
The Ladder:...................................................................................................................... 26
Forester........................................................................................................................ 28
Davidoff........................................................................................................................ 28
What you should learn/ key takeaways.............................................................................28
Challenge: Mobility and Accessibility.........................................................................................29
Challenge: An Urbanising World................................................................................................29
A global Hierarchy of Cities
Globalization
- Process to more interconnectedness
- Cultural/political/economic etc
- There is also De-globalization
1
, - Diminishing trade barriers (‘free trade’)
- Rules of engagement (‘international law’)
- Freedom of enterprise and investment
- Reorganization of product chains, consumption and investment patterns on global scale
- Interdependence on a global scale
Neoliberalism
- A global, hegemonic discourse imposed by global institutions
- Matter-of-fact-ish 1975-2015
- Trickle- down economics
- Competition and ‘free’ market believed to automatically increase living standards
- Minimize state intervention
- Deregulate markets (privatization)
- Lower taxes (wealth and corporate tax)
- Consequences for cities?
Saskia Sassen
- Dutch sociologist and economist
- Geography of globalism show both a dynamic of dispersal and a dynamic of
concentration
- Innovation happens due to the concentration of human activity
- Agglomeration economies and highly innovation environments come together in some
cities more than in other cities
- These cities have power over globalization (they actively drive globalization)
- Political cities, capital cities. → Den Heage, geneve
- Facilitate companies→ law firms, banks, big consultancies
- She called them ‘global cities’
- New york, London, Tokyo (Hong Kong, Singapore, Sydney)
- San Francisco, Beijing (also nowadays)
Manuel Castells (1942-)
- Spanish sociologist
- Studies information society and communication research
- Space of Places is the geographical domain- landscape, cities, architecture
- Space of Flows is the virtual domain- global exchanges of information, money, goods,
people moving around the world
- They meet at certain touch- points (often in cities), where the space of places and the
space of flows interact
Competitive advantages in countries/cities:
Harbor places, shipping routes, flight paths, communication infrastructure
2
, For example,
Schiphol airport → a important international Hub → competitiveness of the
netherlands
Sassen Vs. Castell
- Sannen focus on the power-concentration in certain cities, and how this influence global
flows
- Castells focus on the power of the flows themselves, and how that influence cities.
- Both implies that the concentration of certain activities in cities are at the core of how this
system operates, but that some cities experience more of the concentration than others
- Cities can in both cases be viewed as ‘interfaces’ (places where two or more systems
interact and influence each other)
Check out → GAWC https://gawc.lboro.ac.uk/
Peter J. Taylor (1944-)
- He founded the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) is a think
tank that studies the relationships between world cities in the context of globalization.
The GaWC-methodology
- The GaWC examines cities worldwide to narrow them down to a roster of world cities,
then ranks these based on their connectivity through four "advanced producer services":
accountancy, advertising, banking/finance, and law.
- The Firms makes the networks how the cities are connected
- “The most important cities are those that connect the global with the local in that they
operate as places in which daily activity patterns, trade in goods and services,
information and communication networks and corporate-control networks come together”
– (Burger, 2011)
Link to Sassen’s ‘Global Cities’: Key cities cannot be understood within their own regional or
national frameworks. They are strategic places in a global network. ›
Link to Castellls ‘Space of Flows’: World cities are based on what flows through them
(information, knowledge, money, people, goods) rather than what is contained within them.
Sassen vs. Castells vs GaWC
- Sassen focus on the power-concentration in certain cities, and how this influence global
flows
- Castells focus on the power of the flows themselves, and how that influence cities
- GaWC focuses on the interconnectedness or integration of a city into a global hierarchy
of cities (via certain types of firms)
3
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