Resume
Volledige samenvatting Biological research techniques
- Établissement
- Universiteit Hasselt (UHasselt)
Dit document bevat een volledige samenvatting van het vak Biological research techniques.
[Montrer plus]
Vendeur
S'abonner
Aperçu du contenu
Biological research,H1: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 SCIENCE?.................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE ............................................................................................................................ 1
1.3 TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ............................................................................................................... 2
1.4 SAMPLING ................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.5 WHAT IS “GOOD” EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ?................................................................................................ 4
1.6 STEPS TO DEVELOP EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN .............................................................................................. 4
H2: RULES OF SCIENCE AND CRITICAL THINKING ........................................................................... 7
2.1 THE EMPIRICAL CYCLE ............................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 THE SIX RULES OF SCIENCE ....................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 BAD SCIENCE – EXAMPLE EXERCISE .......................................................................................................... 9
H3: BIOLOGICAL MODELS ..................................................................................................................11
3.1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL MODELS ........................................................................... 11
3.2 CRITERIA TO BE A GOOD BIOLOGICAL MODEL .......................................................................................... 12
3.3 THE MAIN BIOLOGICAL MODEL ORGANISMS ............................................................................................. 13
H4: LIGHT MICROSCOPY ....................................................................................................................24
4.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 24
4.2 BRIGHTFIELD MICROSCOPY ..................................................................................................................... 27
4.3 DARKFIELD MICROSCOPY ........................................................................................................................ 28
4.4 PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPY ............................................................................................................. 29
4.5 DIFFERENTIAL INTERFERENCE CONTRAST MICROSCOPY (NOMARSKI) ..................................................... 30
4.6 FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY ................................................................................................................ 31
4.7 CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY........................................................................................................................ 32
H5: ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPY ........................................................................................................33
5.2 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM) .................................................................................... 33
5.3 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM)............................................................................................ 36
5.4 SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY (STM) .......................................................................................... 39
5.5 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY (AFM) ...................................................................................................... 39
H6: SPECTROSCOPY ...........................................................................................................................43
6.1 ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY ................................................................................................................ 43
6.2 FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY ............................................................................................................ 47
6.3 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY ...................................................................................................................... 50
6.4 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY.......................................................................................................................... 52
6.7 NMR SPECTROSCOPY ............................................................................................................................. 55
H7: ELECTROPHORESIS ......................................................................................................................57
7.1 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................... 57
7.2 DENATURING GRADIENT GEL ELECTROPHORESIS (DGGE) ...................................................................... 58
7.3 TEMPERATURE GRADIENT GEL ELECTROPHORESIS (TGGE) .................................................................... 60
7.4 PULSE-FIELD ELECTROPHORESIS (PFGE) ............................................................................................... 61
7.5 CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS (CE) ....................................................................................................... 62
7.6 ELECTROPHORESIS OF PROTEINS ............................................................................................................ 63
7.7 OVERVIEW ELECTROPHORESIS ................................................................................................................ 64
,H8: CHROMATOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................65
8.1 INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES .............................................................................................. 65
8.2 COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 66
8.3 PAPER AND THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY ........................................................................................... 68
8.4 HIGH-PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) ............................................................................. 70
8.5 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... 71
8.6 ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................ 73
8.7 LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY (LC/MS) ................................................................. 74
H9: PROTEOMICS .................................................................................................................................75
9.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 75
9.2 STRATEGIES FOR PROTEIN SEPARATION .................................................................................................. 77
9.3 GEL-BASED SEPARATION TECHNIQUE: 2DGE .......................................................................................... 77
9.4 LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY BASED SEPARATION TECHNIQUES ................................................................ 79
9.5 STRATEGIES FOR IDENTIFYING PROTEINS ................................................................................................ 81
H10: REMOTE SENSING .......................................................................................................................84
10.1 WHAT IS REMOTE SENSING .................................................................................................................... 84
10.2 REMOTE SENSING: PLATFORMS AND SPATIAL RESOLUTION ................................................................... 84
10.3 DIFFERENT KINDS OF REMOTE SENSING ................................................................................................ 86
10.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF REMOTE SENSING .................................................................... 87
10.5 BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................................... 87
10.6 EXAMPLE EXERCISES............................................................................................................................. 88
H11: NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING............................................................................................90
11.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 90
11.2 NGS TECHNIQUES ................................................................................................................................ 92
11.3 ILLUMINA ............................................................................................................................................... 93
11.4 IONTORRENT ......................................................................................................................................... 93
11.5 PACBIO ................................................................................................................................................. 93
11.6 OXFORD NANOPORE ............................................................................................................................. 94
11.7 APPLICATIONS OF NGS ........................................................................................................................ 94
11.8 OVERVIEW NGS .................................................................................................................................... 95
11.9 EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND FITTING NGS ..................................................................... 95
H12: ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH ............................................................................................................97
12.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 97
12.2 CLIMATE MANIPULATION ........................................................................................................................ 97
12.3 FREE-AIR CO2 ENRICHMENT (FACE)................................................................................................... 100
12.4 FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE INCREASE (FATI) .......................................................................................... 101
12.5 RAIN SIMULATORS, RAIN CURTAINS AND RAINOUT SHELTERS .............................................................. 102
12.6 COMBINATIONS IN THE FIELD ............................................................................................................... 102
12.7 ECOTRONS .......................................................................................................................................... 103
12.8 ENCLOSED AQUATIC SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................ 103
12.9 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................................... 103
OVERALL: CHOOSING THE RIGHT TECHNIQUE............................................................................ 104
, H1: Experimental design
1.1 Science?
= a way of knowing things about the natural world, relying on certain principles
= organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe;
relies on empirical evidence obtained through observation, experimentation and logical
reasoning to understand natural phenomena
o Being in a dark room and looking for the black cat using a flashlight
Science is not the only thing to gain information:
• Religion: a set of beliefs, practices and values centred around the worship of a deity or
deities, often involving rituals, moral codes and a worldview that addresses fundamental
questions about existence
o Being in a dark room and believing there is a black cat in the room, without having
ever seen a black cat or seeing a black cat enter the room
• Metaphysics: branch of philosophy that explores fundamental concepts such as
existence, reality, causation, nature of being,.. extending beyond the empirical
observations of the physical world
o Being in a dark room and looking for a black cat that isn’t there
• Philosophy: systematic inquiry into fundamental questions about knowledge, existence,
ethics, reason, mind and language, using critical and logical analysis to seek
understanding and meaning in various aspects of the human experience
o Being in a dark room and looking for a black cat
• Theology: study of the nature of the divine, religious beliefs and the relationship between
humanity and the divine. Often involves interpretation of sacred text and exploration of
religious doctrines and traditions.
o Being in a dark room, looking for a black cat that isn’t there and shouting “I found
it!”
1.2 Principles of science
Science and scientific method rely on fundamental principles:
1. Empiricism: knowledge gained through observation and experimentation
2. Systematic observation: data is collected in an organized and structured manner
3. Reproducibility: experiments and observations should be independently repeatable
4. Falsifiability: scientific theories and hypotheses must be formulated in a way that allows
them to be tested and potentially proven false
5. Objectivity: scientific inquiry should be free from personal bias or preconceived notions
6. Hypothesis testing: formulating clear, testable predictions based on a hypothesis
7. Peer review: evaluation of scientific work by experts in the same field before publication
8. Consistency with existing knowledge: new findings should be consistent with established
scientific principles
9. Openness and transparency: sharing methods, data and findings openly with scientific
community
10. Occam’s razor: when multiple explanations are available is the simplest one often the
most likely
1
Les avantages d'acheter des résumés chez Stuvia:
Qualité garantie par les avis des clients
Les clients de Stuvia ont évalués plus de 700 000 résumés. C'est comme ça que vous savez que vous achetez les meilleurs documents.
L’achat facile et rapide
Vous pouvez payer rapidement avec iDeal, carte de crédit ou Stuvia-crédit pour les résumés. Il n'y a pas d'adhésion nécessaire.
Focus sur l’essentiel
Vos camarades écrivent eux-mêmes les notes d’étude, c’est pourquoi les documents sont toujours fiables et à jour. Cela garantit que vous arrivez rapidement au coeur du matériel.
Foire aux questions
Qu'est-ce que j'obtiens en achetant ce document ?
Vous obtenez un PDF, disponible immédiatement après votre achat. Le document acheté est accessible à tout moment, n'importe où et indéfiniment via votre profil.
Garantie de remboursement : comment ça marche ?
Notre garantie de satisfaction garantit que vous trouverez toujours un document d'étude qui vous convient. Vous remplissez un formulaire et notre équipe du service client s'occupe du reste.
Auprès de qui est-ce que j'achète ce résumé ?
Stuvia est une place de marché. Alors, vous n'achetez donc pas ce document chez nous, mais auprès du vendeur MiSaBio. Stuvia facilite les paiements au vendeur.
Est-ce que j'aurai un abonnement?
Non, vous n'achetez ce résumé que pour €20,49. Vous n'êtes lié à rien après votre achat.
Peut-on faire confiance à Stuvia ?
4.6 étoiles sur Google & Trustpilot (+1000 avis)
79373 résumés ont été vendus ces 30 derniers jours
Fondée en 2010, la référence pour acheter des résumés depuis déjà 14 ans