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NROS 310 - Exam 1 || with 100% Verified Solutions.

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what is the central dogma or molecular genetics? correct answers every cell has the same genomic DNA -> transciption (DNA-mRNA) -> translation (RNA-proteins) -> offspring List exceptions to central dogma correct answers 1. RNA/retroviruses 2. noncoding DNA 3. Prions (proteins that ch...

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  • 28 octobre 2024
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  • NROS 310 -
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NROS 310 - Exam 1 || with 100% Verified Solutions.
what is the central dogma or molecular genetics? correct answers every cell has the same
genomic DNA -> transciption (DNA-mRNA) -> translation (RNA-proteins) -> offspring

List exceptions to central dogma correct answers 1. RNA/retroviruses
2. noncoding DNA
3. Prions (proteins that change other proteins)
4. Epigenetic -> structure of chromosome can be passed on, DNA sequence does not change
5. RBC's -> no genomic DNA bc no nucleus

What nucleotides make up DNA? correct answers A+T, C+G -> held together by hydrogen
bonds
C+G is "stickier" and has a stronger bond

What is a gene? correct answers sequence of genomic information that encodes for a certain
functional product and includes all the coding sequences that regulate expression

What is chromatin? correct answers complex of DNA wrapped tightly around histone and non-
histone proteins to fit into the nucleus

What is the function of histones? correct answers histones are proteins that are wrapped in DNA
and they regulate gene expression

What is a genome? correct answers all of an organism's DNA sequences

What is an allele? correct answers particular form of a gene

Dominant vs recessive? correct answers dominant - shows dominant phenotypes for both hetero
and homo
recessive - must be homo recessive to show pheno

Is it possible to have a mutation that normally causes disease and not show symptoms? correct
answers Yes, partial penetrance

When are recessive mutations most likely to happen? correct answers After a loss of function

When are dominant mutations most likely to happen? correct answers gain of function

What is an example of having a disease gene but not expressing the symptoms? correct answers
BRCA gene does not mean individual will have breast cancer, unless triggered by external
environment

Which steps of turning DNA to protein is regulated correct answers Both translation and
transcription

, What is a promoter and its function? correct answers sequence of DNA where RNA pol begins
transcription at

What are enhancers and their function? correct answers sequence of DNA which acts as binding
site for other proteins

promoters vs enhancers? correct answers promoters are necessary, enhancers are elsewhere on
the DNA strand

How can a sequence far from the promoter affect transcription rate? correct answers activators or
repressors can bind to enhancers which are far away

Describe the steps of activators. correct answers 1. bind to enhancer
2. help RNA Pol/transciption factors to bind to promoter
3. promote activity of HAT
4. increase transcription rate

Describe the steps of repressors. correct answers 1. bind to enhancer
2. recruits histone methyltransferase to close chromatin
3. decreases transc rate

How can gene expression be regulated? correct answers - activators + repressors
- diff levels of interaction by proteins

heterchromatin vs euchromatin? correct answers heterochromatin - closed chromatin
euchromatin - open chromatin

Describe methylation on DNA correct answers DNA methyl transferase -> methylation -> no
transc -> DNA methylase -> demethylation -> inc transc

Describe histone methyaltion correct answers histone methyl transferase -> methyaltion -> no
transc -> lysine demethylase -> demethylation -> inc transc

Describe histone acetylation correct answers HAT -> acetylation -> inc transc -> HDAC ->
deacetylation -> no transc

How can the DNAse protection assay be used to show changed in chromatin structure? correct
answers DNAse cannot cut closed/condensed chromatin

Is it appropriate to refer to epigenetics to describe changes that occur during memory formation?
correct answers If the definition of epigenetics is broadened to include changes that are long-
term, not necessarily just inheritable, then it can be used

How does X chromosome inactivation work? correct answers Xist makes an RNA instead of a
protein, which recruits chromatin remodeling complex to shut down transcription of half of the
chromatin

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