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Congress PS 103 Midterm questions and answers already passed 2024
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Congress PS 103 Midterm questions and answers already passed 2024
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Congress PS 103 MidtermParticularized Benefits - correct answer ✔Benefits from a piece of legislation
that affect a specific district or constituency. According to Mayhew, MCs seek
out particularized benefits, often by earmarking larger pieces of legislation, in
order to "credit-claim" and demonstrate their effectiveness to their district
when seeking reelection.
Retirement Slump - correct answer ✔Average falloff in the party's vote share
when the incumbent retires. One means to measure incumbency advantage.
Incumbent Protection Gerrymander - correct answer ✔Redrawing of
electoral district lines to favor incumbent candidates. More likely to occur in
periods of candidate-centered elections, or when partisan polarization is
relatively low.
Issue-oriented homestyle - correct answer ✔MCs place emphasis on
articulating, explaining, and discussing particular policy issues or ideological
beliefs. Most effective in diverse, heterogeneous districts with a mix of
geographies (urban, suburban, etc) but where the ideology is largely the same
(deep blue or deep red districts). Ex) Barbara Lee
Person-to-person homestyle - correct answer ✔MCs emphasize developing
personal relationships with the individuals in their district by getting to know
families, names, faces, and individual issues important to the people. This
works best in more homogeneous constituencies in terms of demographics,
but where there is a decent amount of disagreement on ideological issues—
focusing on specific issues might generate controversy, so stays away from
issue rhetoric.
Presentation of Self - correct answer ✔Nonverbal and verbal expressions
given off by a candidate, ideally to gain their constituents' trust. Entails
, qualification (I am experienced), identification (I am like you), and empathy (I
understand you). Drives the two types of homestyle. Particularly important that
nonincumbent members convey qualification.
Candidate-centered elections - correct answer ✔A system in which individual
candidates decide to run, raise their own money, and design their own
strategy independent from political parties. Candidates are able to build their
own brand, which determines electoral outcomes as opposed to party ID.
Associated with high incumbency advantage. Have declined in recent years
due to a rise in polarization and party-centered elections.
Party-centered elections - correct answer ✔Campaigns where political
parties, not individual candidates, hold most of the initiative and influence. The
party ID of a candidate is the main determinant of an electoral outcome.
Particularly dominant in the 19th century due to electoral rules which made
voting public, parties determined nominations, and the patronage system was
prevalent.
Partisan Gerrymander - correct answer ✔Redrawing of electoral districts to
advantage a particular political party. Party drawing the lines seeks to create
"efficient seats" and minimize "wasted votes". For instance, a district where a
democrat gets 55% of the vote and a republican gets 45% is efficient for
democrats because there is minimal vote share exceeding the 50% needed to
win the district. Expect to see when party-centered elections are dominant.
Majority minority districts - correct answer ✔Electoral districts where the
majority of the population belong to racial minority groups. Results from
"packing", where minorities are wrangled together as opposed to spread out
across districts. In theory, gives minorities increased representation because
the minority majority can elect a representative they believe will represent
their interests. Interpretation of the VRA led t these, with the impact of an
increase in black representation in congress.
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