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ANT 2100 Introduction to Archaeology Final FSU Mehta Exam Questions and Answers
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ANT 2100 Introduction to ArchaeologyFinal FSU Mehta Exam
What did the Trobriand Islanders do? - Answers -Kula Gift Exchange
Describe the Kula Gift Exchange - Answers -Gifts were given in exchange for political
prestige
How were the Kula Gift Exchange gifts different? - Answers --There were different
meanings embedded in the objects
-they were a connection to the people
-weren't just things
-represented social bonds and obligations
-inalienability
-convergence of spirit and object
you can never separate the thing from the giver
What was Potlatch? - Answers -A ceremonial feast practiced by the North American
Indian peoples of the northwest coast where possessions are given away or destroyed
to display wealth or enhance prestige. For political, religious, social prestige.
What becomes an integral part of the economy as societies change from egalitarian
bands to ranked societies? - Answers -The formal trade of exotics becomes an integral
part of the economy
Human societies create two main types of trade systems: - Answers -Direct acquisition
Down-the-line trade
Direct acquisition - Answers -1. You go to the natural source of a raw material.
2. Extract the material.
3. Exchange goods or services for it or receive an artifact or raw material as a gift.
Down-the-line trade - Answers -1. People acquire a raw material from people who have
immediate access to it.
2. These people trade it to others who live farther away from the source.
3. They may in turn trade it to people living even farther away.
Who were the Mound Builders (Mississippian Culture)? - Answers --The various
cultures collectively termed "Mound Builders" were inhabitants of eastern United States
AD 800-1500 constructed various styles of earthen mounds for religious, ceremonial,
burial, and elite residential purposes.
,-Mississippian societies engaged in intensive village-based maize horticulture
-village-based
What is Cahokia? - Answers -A Mound Builder city close to modern day St. Louis,
Missouri.
-3.5 square miles
-80 mounds
-was 6 square miles
-had 120 mounds
What are the Carson Mounds (Carson Site,Carson-Montgomery)? - Answers --A large
Mississippian culture archaeological site located near Clarksdale, Mississippi in the
Yazoo Basin.
-Only a few large earthen mounds are still present at Carson to this day.
What mound sites should you know? - Answers --Cahokia
-Carson Mounds
-Moundville
What is chert? - Answers --The single most important and widely used stone in nearly
every part of the world was chert, also known as flint
-Artifacts of chert excavated in an archaeological context are invaluable to
archaeologists; they are often the only surviving source of information about prehistoric
cultures.
What is lithic? - Answers -of the nature of or relating to stone
Burlington Chert - Answers -Burlington Chert is not geologically from Carson, but it was
found there. This indicated there were large networks and it was brought from very far
away.
Residential v. nonresidential groups - Answers --Residential groups appear in the
archaeological record as households and villages.
-Nonresidential groups are manifested archaeologically through the use of symbols,
ceremonies, mythologies, or insignias of membership.
4 broad areas of human social and political behavior - Answers --gender
-kinship
-social status
-trade
Moundville, Alabama AD 1000-1450 - Answers --one of the best known ceremonial
centers, having 30 earthen mounds, it was a bustling ritual center
-large amounts of exotic material
-inequality
, reciprocity - Answers --non-market exchange of goods or labour ranging from direct
barter (immediate exchange) to forms of gift exchange where a return is eventually
expected (delayed exchange) as in the exchange of birthday gifts.
-When the exchange is immediate, as in barter, it does not create a social relationship.
-When the exchange is delayed, it creates both a relationship as well as an obligation
for a return (i.e. debt).
-Hence, some forms of reciprocity can establish hierarchy if the debt is not repaid.
-The failure to make a return may end a relationship between equals. -Reciprocal
exchanges can also have a political effect through the creation of multiple obligations
and the establishment of leadership, as in the gift exchanges (Moka) between Big Men
in Melanesia. Some forms of reciprocity are thus closely related to redistribution, where
goods and services are collected by a central figure for eventual distribution to
followers.
Big Man - Answers --highly influential individual in a tribe, especially in Melanesia and
Polynesia.
-Such a person may not have formal tribal or other authority (through for instance
material possessions, or inheritance of rights), but can maintain recognition through
skilled persuasion and wisdom.
-The big man has a large group of followers, both from his clan and from other clans.
-He provides his followers with protection and economic assistance, in return receiving
support which he uses to increase his status.
Unilineal evolution - Answers -sorting cultures in a rank order
is a 19th-century social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures. It was
composed of many competing theories by various anthropologists and sociologists, who
believed that Western culture is the contemporary pinnacle of social evolution.
Cultural historians - Answers -differences in groups of people, identified by different
assemblages of materials, allowed for organization into groups
Cultural history combines the approaches of anthropology and history to look at popular
cultural traditions and cultural interpretations of historical experience. It examines the
records and narrative descriptions of past matter, encompassing the continuum of
events pertaining to a culture.
Historical archaeology is a form of archaeology dealing with places, things, and issues
from the past or present when written records and oral traditions can inform and
contextualize cultural material. These records can both complement and conflict with
the archaeological evidence found at a particular site.
Processual archaeology - Answers -Proponents of this new phase in archaeology
claimed that with the rigorous use of the scientific method it was possible to get past the
limits of the archaeological record and learn something about how the people who used
the artifacts lived.
differences recognized by toolkits/burial assemblages, identified different kinds of
subsistence strategies/social organization
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