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ANT2100 Exam 3 Questions and Answers
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ANT2100 Exam 3 Questions and Answers
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ANT2100 Exam 3 Questions andAnswers
social organization - Answers -- rules and structures that govern relations within a group
of interacting people, Societies are divided into social units (groups) within which are
recognized social positions (statuses), with appropriate behavior patterns prescribed for
these positions (roles).
residential groups - Answers -appear in the archaeological record as households and
villages
nonresidential groups - Answers -manifested archaeologically through the use of
symbols, ceremonies, mythologies or insignias of membership
political organization - Answers -- the formal and informal institutions that regulate a
society's collective acts
- control may be at level of residential or nonresidential level
- four broad areas of human social and political behavior: gender, kinship, social status
and trade.
gender role - Answers -- function
- the culturally prescribed behavior associated with men and women; roles can vary
from society to society
- some societies recognize men who live as women or women who live as men as a
third gender
gender ideology - Answers -- status
- the culturally prescribed values assigned to the task and status of men and women;
values can vary from society to society
berdaches - Answers -- among Plain Indian societies, men who elected to live life as
women; they were recognized by their group as a third gender
chiefdom - Answers -- a regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized
under a single chief (who is the head of a ranked social hierarchy, inherits position)
- job specializations, agriculture, trade, fishing
- redistribution of resources by chief
- single religion
- social classes
- 10,000+ population, permanent settlements, communal voluntary projects
,- unlike autonomous bands and villages, chiefdoms consist of several more or less
permanently aligned communities or settlements
state - Answers -- multiple cities and/or city-states
- leadership can be inherited, warfare, elected
- job specialization, agriculture, trade, market, economy
- social and economic classes
- single/multiple religions
- taxes
- draft for military and/or communal projects
androcentric - Answers -- a perspective that focuses on what men do in society, to the
exclusion of women
- i.e. hunting weaponry assumed to be always male, plant collecting hear always female
cargo system - Answers -- part of the social organization found in many Central
American communities in which a wealthy responsible married man is selected to direct
the ceremonial system/bear the cost of important religious ceremonies throughout the
year
- the wife takes the title of "mother of" the man's named position
- men and women occupy complementary roles during the feasts of the cargo system
kinship system - Answers -- kinship refers to the socially recognized network of
relationships through which individuals are related to one another by ties of descent
(real or imagined) and marriage
- a kinship blends biological descent with cultural rules that define some people as close
kin and others as distant kin
- kin groupings condition the nature of relationships between individuals
bilateral kinship - Answers -- a kinship system in which relatives are traced equally on
both the mother's and father's sides
- standard kinship in North America
- you may be closer to your mother or fathers side due to divorce, geography, or
personalities, but neither side of the family is more important than the other
patrilineal descent - Answers -- a unilineal descent system in which ancestry is traced
through the male line
- most important group is patrilineage (people to whom you are related through the male
line)
- make up about 60% of the world's known societies
- associated with foragers, agricultural and pastoral societies and internal warfare
matrilineal descent - Answers -- trace their lineage from the mother's family
- rare, only about 10% of the world's societies
- appear to be associated with horticulture, long-distance hunting and warfare with
distant enemies
, Matrilineal & Patrilineal Kinship Charts - Answers -- brown colored circles (females) and
triangles (males) show who belongs to one patrilineage or matrilineal
clan - Answers -- a group of matri or patrilineages who see themselves as descended
from a (sometimes mythical) common ancestor
- may be clustered into moieties
moieties - Answers -- often perform reciprocal ceremonial obligations for each other,
such as burying the dead of the other or holding feasts for one another
- clans may be clustered into these
- in a society with any of these, there are only two
ascribed status - Answers -- rights, duties and obligations that accrue to a person by
inheritance
- assigned to individuals at birth, without regard to innate differences or abilities
achieved status - Answers -- rights duties and obligations that accrue by virtue of what a
person accomplishes
- require that an individual possess certain admirable qualities or have accomplished
certain tasks (the importance of these qualities and tasks being culturally defined)
egalitarian societies - Answers -- a society where there is no fixed number of positions
of status: members generally have equal access to critical, life-sustaining resources
- no one individual has complete authority over another
- status is achieved
- gender and age are the primary dimensions of status in egalitarian communities
- ex: Great Basin Shoshone
ranked societies - Answers -- limit the positions of valued status so that not everyone of
sufficient talent can achieve them
- relatively permanent social stations are maintained with people having unequal access
to life-sustaining resources
- economies that redistribute goods and services throughout the community, with those
doing the redistributing keeping some for themselves
- ex: Northwest coast tribes
southeastern ceremonial complex - Answers -- an assortment of ceremonial objects that
occurs in the graves of high-status Mississippian individuals
- ritual exchange of these artifacts crosscut the boundaries of many distinctive local
cultures
- down the line trading
- was a religious based idea system
exotics - Answers -- material culture that was not produced locally and/or whose raw
material is not found locally
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