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International and European Relations Summary

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Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)

Summary of the course International and European Relations in the Master of Business Administration at KUL Campus Brussels. Written in the year 2024. Short and compact summary of 18 pages with all the information from the slides + additional explanations. No need to waste your time reading 70+ p...

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Publié le 30 décembre 2024
Nombre de pages 18
Écrit en 2024/2025
Type Resume

international
european
relations
short
master
business
administration
brussels campus
professor pauwels
summary

Anaïs Ramos

Table of Contents
A. Definitions ............................................................................................................................................................ 2
B. Major actors in international relations ................................................................................................................ 2
C. Theories on international relations...................................................................................................................... 2
A. United Nations ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
2. UN and the maintenance of international peace and security ....................................................................... 4
3. Evaluation ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
B. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) .......................................................................................................... 5
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
2. NATO and the maintenance of peace and security ......................................................................................... 6
3. Case studies ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
4. Evaluation ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
C. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) ............................................................................. 8
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 8
2. OSCE and the maintenance of peace and security .......................................................................................... 8
3. Evaluation ........................................................................................................................................................ 9
A. United Nations and the protection of human rights ......................................................................................... 10
1. Enforcement .................................................................................................................................................. 10
B. Council of Europe ............................................................................................................................................... 11
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 11
2. Council of Europe and the protection of human rights ................................................................................. 12
C. Private business enterprises and human rights ................................................................................................. 14
A. The World Trade Organization ........................................................................................................................... 14
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 14
2. Basic rules and principles of the WTO trading system .................................................................................. 15
3. WTO Trade Policy Review (TPR) ..................................................................................................................... 16
4. WTO Dispute Settlement ............................................................................................................................... 17
5. Evaluation ...................................................................................................................................................... 18

,Anaïs Ramos

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Part I: Definition and major actors in international relations

A. Definitions

 International relations: relations that take place across national boundaries (= world politics)
 State:
- Defined territory
- Permanent population
- Government (exercises authority over a population)
- Capacity to enter into relations with other states
 Recognition of states:
- Constitutive theory: only a state if recognized by other countries
- Declaratory theory: self-recognition is enough
- Taiwan, Kosovo and Palestine are not recognized by everyone

B. Major actors in international relations

❖ International organizations

• Features:
- Established by states (membership limited exclusively or primarily to states)
- By means of a treaty
- Organ with a distinct will
- Established under international law
- International legal personality (rights and duties)
 Examples: EU, UN, WHO, WTO

• Classifications:
- Open (any state can join) vs closed (not every state can apply, membership restricted based on location,
wealth, religion, etc.), ex: African Union, Commonwealth
- Supranational (member states surrender power in specific areas, decisions are legally binding) vs
intergovernmental (voluntary cooperation, decisions are not enforceable, members remain
independent)
- Political (broad goals like the UN) vs functional (specific focus like the agencies of the UN)

❖ International non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

• Features: established by and composed of private, non-state international actors
 Examples: Greenpeace, Doctors without borders

• Categories:
- Private-sector economic organizations (multinationals: own and operate facilities in states other than the
one in which it is based)
- NGOs with explicit economic, political or social agendas: Greenpeace, amnesty
- NGOs that attempt to avoid overtly political roles: Red cross
- Terrorist and criminal organizations or networks: Al Qaida, drug cartels

❖ Individuals: political leaders, activists, CEOs, terrorists can play a role in international relations

C. Theories on international relations

, Anaïs Ramos

 Realism (billiard): emphasis on the role of state, national interest and military power. Security is more
important than economies, and economy is more important than human rights.
 Liberalism (web): peace and cooperation among states/organizations can produce “absolute gains” for all.
Democracy as main principle.
 Economic structuralism (pyramid): social classes, struggle of the working class, exploitation of labor by
capitalists.

Part II: Peace and security

A. United Nations
1. Introduction

• Origin: created in 1945, after the end of WW2, to encourage the resolution of international conflicts without
war. 5 permanent members with veto power: China, France, Russia, UK, US.
• Objectives: maintenance of international peace and security, promoting respect for human rights,
development, fostering cooperation between nations
• Principles:
- Sovereign equality of all its members (1 state = 1 vote)
- Peaceful settlement of disputes, use of force in international relations is forbidden
- Domestic jurisdiction clause: UN will not intervene in domestic matters (unless mandated by Security
Council: human rights violations, genocide, etc.)
- Registration of treaties: for transparency to prevent secret alliances
- UN obligations prevail

• Membership UN (art. 3, 4 UN Charter):
- Conditions and procedure: peace-loving states accepting the obligations in the UN Charter, upon
recommendation of the Security Council, by decision of the General Assembly (majority 2/3)
- Evolution in membership: from 51 to 193 members, divided into five regional groups: African group,
Asian group, Eastern European, Western European and others, Latin American and Caribbean
- Suspension (Art. 5): when a country violates one of the main principles of the UN (is not common), ex:
South Africa because of apartheid
- Expulsion (Art. 6)

• Structure UN:
- General Assembly: main deliberative organ, composed of representatives of all member states (1 vote
each)
- Security Council: 15 members, 1 vote each, member states are obligated to comply with Council
decisions
- Economic and Social Council: world’s economic, social and environmental challenges are discussed,
policy recommendations are made
- Secretariat: staff carrying out the day-to-day work of the organization
- International Court of Justice settles legal disputes between States
- Trusteeship Council (now defunct): provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories to prepare
them for self-government or independence

• Other aspects:
- Financing: system of compulsory contributions by all members
- Privileges and immunities for UN personnel are established under Art 105, multilateral treaties, and
Headquarters agreements with host countries

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