Summary Notes designed for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. These notes are detailed yet concise, with all the information to achieve a 7 in IB Biology HL or SL. These notes were made using information from the IB syllabus, Oxford IB Diploma HL Biology Textbook, Bioninja and the B...
Class notes Biology Oxford IB Diploma Programme: Biology Course Companion
IBDP HL Biology - 2.2 Water Notes
Summary of the entire Biology book from the IB diploma
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La Côte International School
IB Biology Unit 11- Animal Physiology
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Unit 11.1
• Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells.
• A self-marker (MHC) labels the body’s nucleated cells so that they are tolerated by the immune
system.
• An antigen is recognised as foreign and provokes an immune response.
• Red blood cells do not have a nucleus, but do have
basic antigenic markers on their surface known as
glycoproteins.
• These are known as blood groups, which can be either
A, B, AB or O.
• As humans produce antibodies against foreign
antigens, blood transfusions are not always compatible
between certain blood groups.
• An additional glycoprotein (Rhesus factor) is either
present or absent, resulting in positive and negative
blood groups.
• Pathogens are usually species-specific (pathogenesis) and will only affect a certain species.
• However, some pathogens are not. Zoonoses are diseases from animals that can be transferred
to humans e.g rabies and influenza.
• See Unit 6 for Clonal Selection
• Once activated, B cells divide by mitosis into plasma cells and memory cells.
• Plasma cells are short-lived and secrete a high number of specific antibodies whereas memory
cells remain in the blood for years to provide long-standing immunity.
• Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens in a number of ways:
• Making soluble antigens insoluble
• Clumping antigens together
• Masking dangerous parts of the antigen
• This makes it easier for the macrophage to ingest the pathogen.
• Immunity depends on the persistence of memory
cells.
• If a second infection with the same pathogen
occurs, memory cells will produce antibodies
quickly, meaning the pathogen does not have time
to cause symptoms.
• An allergen is something that provokes an immune
response despite not being harmful.
• An allergen provokes B cells to produce the antibody IgE, which attach to cells promoting the
release of histamines.
• Histamine release causes allergic symptoms by widening capillaries and increasing permeability,
causing heat and redness. This is known as an inflammatory response.
• Vaccines induce long-term immunity to specific pathogenic infections by stimulating the
production of memory cells. They come in different forms:
, • Weakened or inactivated pathogens which still have
antigens on their surface.
• Weakened toxins produced by a bacterial pathogen.
• Vaccines initiate the primary response, causing memory
cells to form.
• When exposed to the actual pathogen memory cells
trigger a secondary immune response that is much
faster and stronger, therefore little or no symptoms are
experienced.
• Smallpox was the first infectious disease in humans to
be eradicated via vaccination.
• The eradication was successful as smallpox was easily identifiable, transmitted by direct
contact only, and had a short-lived infection period.
• Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are artificially derived from a single B cell clone.
• An animal (mouse) is injected with an antigen causing it to produce specific plasma cells.
• These plasma cells are extracted and fused with tumour cells capable of endless divisions
forming a hybridoma cell. This cell can then synthesise large amounts of the antibody.
• This is used to make pregnancy tests:
• hCG is a hormone produced by pregnant women.
• Free monoclonal antibodies specific to hCG are conjugated to an enzyme that changes the
colour of a dye.
• If hCG is present in the urine, it will bind to the antibody and cause a strip of dye to appear
on the test.
Unit 11.2
• Synovial joints are capsules that surround the articulating surfaces of two bones (i.e. where the
bones connect).
• They consists of 3 main components: Joint capsule, cartilage and synovial fluid.
• The human elbow joint is a hinge joint, capable
of angular movement in one direction:
• Humerus: Anchors muscle
• Bicep: Bends to forearm
• Tricep: Straightens the forearm
• Joint Capsule: Seals joint space and limits
movement to provide stability
• Synovial Fluid: Provides food, oxygen and
lubrication to the cartilage
• Cartilage: Reduces friction and absorbs
shock
• Radius: Acts as a forearm lever for biceps
• Ulna: Acts as a forearm lever for triceps
• Muscles connect to bones (via tendons) and contract to provide the force required to produce
movement.
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