Zeer uitgebreide samenvatting van alle hoorcollege's proefdierkunde 1. Notities zijn zeer uitgebreid en omvatten alles wat de prof heeft gezegd en belangrijk vindt voor het examen. Behaalde resultaat 19/20.
PART 1: INTRODUCTION
What is laboratory animal science?
= Welfare and care of animals used in research
" multidisciplinary topic (biology, genetics, ethics, microbiology…)
– Animal experiment = an experiment in which you use living animals
o a mouse is protected by law
o a cow is protected by law
o zebrafish is protected by law
o octopus is protected by law
o lobster is not
! It all are vertebrate animals but de octopus is an exception " if you use fruit flies they are by
example not protected by law
History
Use of animals in research
– Vivisection = cutting into live animals " sounds kind of cruel
o The way that animals are being treated now is different (better)
o There is a long period in history where animals were not very important (everything
from the bible was taken literally)
– L. Pasteur went a step further and found out that bacteria were the basis of sicknesses
o More and more animals were used in sciences!
– First wide-spread opposition in the nineteenth century
o Antivivisectionist movement (England 1870)
o In the UK there was the Cruelty to animals act in 1876 with people who were against
animal-use in scientific research
o More recently " European convention (1986) & European Directive (1986)
European convention & European Directive
= protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes
! European authorities gave some guide lines about what appropriate education and training would
be
– They used the help of FELASA (Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science
Associations)
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, – They brought op 4 categories of persons who must have had appropriate education and
training:
o Category A: persons taking care of animals
o Category B: persons carrying out animal experiments
o Category C: Persons responsible for directing animal experiments (they decide which
animals are being used, how many…they make up the experiment " we if we get
through this course)
o Category D: Laboratory animal science specialists
! In Belgium, we do not follow this division perfectly
– What has changed over the years is that FELASA has started giving courses
– If we pass our examination we will have followed 80h of class and we will be category C
– This is only valuable in Belgium, not abroad! " because it is not giving by FELASA its self
FELASA
= FEDERATION OF EUROPEAN LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATIONS
– Establishment of several European nations
– Constituent organisations
o LASA = Laboratory animal science association of the UK
o NVP = Nederlandse vereniging voor Proefdierkunde
o BCLAS = Belgian council for laboratory animal science
o SFEA (France…)
Figure 1: Number of animals used per species in 2014
! since 2014 it is not the number of animals that counts but the number of
experiments that are being done with animals
" when you look at the row for dogs: there were 1539 procedures " 800
of those were animals that were re-used but this were not 800 animals
(possibly 100 animals that were used 8x)
" monkeys: 38 procedures: for example 6 monkeys in Belgium where 3
were reused many times
! We can also see from the table which animal species are most often used
" mice are often used
– if you look at which species is coming next it are not the rats
" chickens are more used
– chickens are not used as a model for people but for chickens
itself (in one trial you can test a lot of animals at the same time)
– zebrafish are increasing as a model for human " working with
fish is a very specialized matter
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,Patterns of animal use
FIELD
" Over 68% is fundamental research = a question trying to find out the
answer but you do not know yet if the answer will lead to a practical
application
for example: you want to know how Alzheimer works (it could later
lead to potential on how to treat it " it is not senseless to do research
because later on you can find a medication with this information but it
just means you don’t have an application ready yet)
What percentage of animals suffers due to the experiments?
" what is severe? where do you draw the line between moderate, mils
or severe? if you give 20 injections is it mild? or moderate?
" we have more animals in the severe category
Impact on animals
– Behavioral research: observation " legally not an animal procedure
– There are 2 kinds of procedures:
o Experimental procedures with supportive care
" e.g. organ transplant
o Experimental procedures without supportive care
" e.g. infection model to test inflammation…
– As soon as you do something painful to the animals you need to give them painkillers or
anesthesia " In some cases, it is not possible because of the research question but mostly
you should be able to give that
– If you would just go to the zoo and you just study the behavior of bonobo’s, this is not an
experiment
– You can also just use the animal’s organs after the animal has been euthanized first " they
are not counted in the statistics = not an animal procedure, you don’t need to ask permission
for this
– Recently there are also data on severity levels (still needs to be harmonizes)
o Flanders figures 2015: 47% mild, 28% moderate, 20% severe, 5% non-recovery
o Flanders figures 2017: 50% mild, 30% moderate, 17% severe, 3% non-recovery
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, ! Non-recovery = your entire trial is being carried out under anesthesia and at the end of the trial the
animals is euthanized
" the animals will not feel anything from the experiment
" in a lot of trial that are moderate, severe… there will be a euthanize at the end
! Why not killing the animals on beforehand?
" we need the animal to live because of the heartbeat, blood pressure, physiological environment…
% procedures per animal type
Organizations will often raise the concerns of the public by focusing on
experiments on primates, dogs and cats
" The percentages of these animals are very small
" It’s a though ethical debate - where do you draw the line, what is ethical?
What animal type
! Does not change much over the years
– Rodents and rabbits are mostly used, birds and fish are often used but not by a lot of people
(only specialized people " but they are being used in large numbers)
– Why are mice often used for experiments? – several reasons
o they are small so if I easy to house (better than cows)
o they are easy to handle and not very expensive " practical reasons
o the whole genome has been sequenced
o it is very well known that you can easily introduce genetic defects in the DNA of mice
to find out more about the pattern of the disease and to find a treatment for human
diseases
– What is an advantage to use zebrafish over a mouse?
o the first stages in mammals are in the uterus, but in fish they are outside so it
develops outside the body so we can follow the development of the body under the
microscope
o fish are considered as lower species so often people think it is more ethical (but they
can also have pain " people feel less pity than with a mice)
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