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Summary international business law IOR 3
- Établissement
- Karel De Grote-Hogeschool (KdG)
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International business law0. introduction to international business law
International business law: Rules and norms that regulate business activities outside the legal
boundaries of states.
- Important contracts for international trade, such as international sales, international
contracts in general, agency and distribution contracts and licensing agreements, transfer of
technology, international financing and international payments.
Topics
- International trading of goods;
- Company law;
- Maritime law;
- Insurance law;
- International technology transfer;
- Industrial property law;
- International financial and investment law;
- International tax law;
- Dispute settlement.
Treaties are a very important source of IBL
Parties: bilateral, multilateral
Domain: commerce, war & peace, diplomatic relations, foreigners ...
Legal form: traité-convention ( Vienna convention) (mutual obligations) / traité-loi (introducing legal
rules).
Some important types:
- FNC (friendship navigation commerce); free trade zone or economic union, customs, GATT
and other WTO treaties ...
- Founding international organizations.
- Investment treaties, state loans.
- Judicial cooperation (e.g. extradition, evidence).
- « Demarcation » e.g. double taxation avoidance treaties; jurisdiction and enforcement;
conflict of law rules.
- Unification of law; minimum standards (esp. human rights).
Treaties: effects/sanctions
Effects in the international legal order:
- International liability of states
- International jurisdiction, i.e.:
• International Court of Justice (established by the UN Charter; jurisdiction in principle
only based on consent)
• Permanent Court of Arbitration (established by the Hague Convention for the Pacific
Settlement of International Disputes 1899/1907, 119 members)
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,Possible sanctions:
- Determined by treaty provisions.
- Customary law: prohibition of boycott (unless an obligation to boycott is imposed) (in
practice business parties may be caught between conflicting policies imposing boycott c.q.
prohibiting to take part in it).
- (Rarely) binding dispute settlement, e.g. DSU in WTO.
International organisations
Universal organisations (in principle open for all states)
- GATT, now WTO (1994), with a General Council and separate Councils for GATT, GATS, TRIPS
and a Dispute Settlement Body
- UNO, with General Assembly, Security council, EcoSoc
- UNCITRAL (international trade law): treaties and model laws
- Unctad (trade & development): granting developing countries access to the world economy
- ILO: labour standards
- Unidroit: create uniform law (mostly private law)
- Hague conference: unification of IPL
Restricted organisations, i.e. OECD, OPEC, G10+>G20 (with Basel Committee) etc.
Free trade organization’s
Types:
- Free trade zone: Removed all customs between the countries. No tariffs and trade barriers
between borders.
- Customs union: removed all customs between the countries AND all countries have common
tax for the other countries outside the union. You give up power and sovereignty. EU is the
largest custom union.
- Common (single) market: removed all customs between the countries AND all countries
have common tax for the other countries outside the union AND you can sell/buy in every
country you want (free trade). Freedom of movement goods, capital and labour !!!
- Monetary union: removed all customs between the countries AND all countries have
common tax for the other countries outside the union AND you can sell/buy in every country
you want (free trade) AND has one currency that has been applied by every country.
European central bank. EU is a monetary union.
Examples:
- EU
- EFTA, EEA
- NAFTA, CAFTA (Central America), Mercosur, CARICOM
- ASEAN / SAARC (SAFTA)
- CETA (Canada - Europe)
- COMESA (East & Southern Africa), …
Actors in IBL: NGO’s
Private organisations: not subjects of international public law, but governed by national law
(although sometimes involved in the activities of I.O.’s).
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,Some influential NGO’s relevant for international business law:
- ICC: for standard contracts and uniform rules; Court of arbitration (organising arbitral
tribunals).
- International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), setting the IFRS (International Financial
Reporting Standards).
- World economic forum Davos.
Actors - BUSINESS
Legal forms: depends on national law
- Natural persons / different forms of legal personality / unincorporated organisations.
Rights and obligations of business:
- Will mostly be determined by the applicable national law.
- Sometimes directly protected by international law, Investment protection.
- Sometimes able to create their own rules and make them nearly self-executing.
Subject to insolvency proceedings
Business as rule-makers (making private law rules)
- Within a single relationship, business designs contractual rules on the basis of freedom of
contract.
- Business customs as source of private law (but different conceptions of customs and usages
in different legal systems.
- Further reaching influence: ‘private governance’ in supply chains, not merely regulating
rights and obligations but organizing ‘governance’ of the supply chain
- Another development in a digitalized economy is the influence of algorithms creating
decisions, either precontractual (determining price, other conditions, etc.… in an automated
way) or for the enforcement of a contract (”smart contracts”, often using blockchain
technology).
Business organizations have many general obligations, incl.
- Prohibition of unfair commercial practices;
- Rules on advertising and marketing (see also ICC Code of Advertising and Marketing
Communication);
- Prohibition of agreements and practices restricting competition;
- Prohibition of corruption; in some countries even an obligation to prevent bribery (UK
Bribery Act art. 7),
- Obligation of financial information (accounts, …)
- Obligation of non-financial information (big enterprises): EU Directive 2013/34 (as amended
Dir 2014/95);
- Related transparency obligations e.g. in UK duty for big companies to report on payment
practices (since 2017);
- Obligations to pay taxes etc... and provide relevant information;
- Obligations from the applicable labor law;
- Environmental protection obligations, public safety obligations (e.g. EU Reg. 2001/95 on
Product Safety), …;
- Respect IP right;s
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, - Data protection obligations (respect privacy) now in the EU Reg. 2016/679 (GDPR);
- Liability for unsafe products put on the market (product liability);
- Universal service obligations for operators of telecom, electricity, postal services, etc.
1. The European Union and European Market law
The start of the making of the European union was during WWII and started with the BENELUX which
made an economic union.
Simone Veil – Alcide De Gasperi – Jean Monnet- Winston Churchill – Robert Schuman- Konrad
Adenauer. They are the ones who made the EU concrete. The EU was ruined after WWII and they
rebuild it.
- Churchill: was one of the first to call for the creation of a ‘United States of Europe’. Following
the Second World War, he was convinced that only a united Europe could guarantee peace.
His aim was to eliminate the European ills of nationalism and war-mongering once and for
all. Re-create the European family, or as much of it as we can, and to provide it with a
structure under which it can dwell in peace, in safety and in freedom. We must build a kind
of United States of Europe.”.
- Schuman: created the Schuman Declaration was presented by French foreign
minister Robert Schuman on 9 May 1950. It proposed the creation of a European Coal and
Steel Community, whose members would pool coal and steel production.. Declaration
between France and Germany. During the war, cole and steel was very important.
→ To prevent the war in the future => EGKS
- Monnet: the unifying force behind the birth of the European Union. The French political and
economic adviser Jean Monnet dedicated himself to the cause of European integration. He
was the inspiration behind the 'Schuman Plan', which foresaw the merger of west European
heavy industry.
- Adenauer: was The first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, who stood at the
head of the newly-formed state from 1949-63, changed the face of post-war German and
European history more than any other individual. In 1963 the one-time arch-enemies
Germany and France signed a treaty of friendship, which became one of the milestones on
the road to European integration.
- Simone Veil: she was a feminist, first female in European parliament. She survived Auschwitz
and became motivated in French politics. She legalized abortion in France, pushed for equal
rights between men and woman. Pushed for voting right across Europe.
- Alcide De Gasperi: Italian politician, very rich, Italy was devastated after WO II. They needed
close collaboration with Europe but also with France and he put Italy on the map with close
collaboration with Europa and mainly France
Paul-Henri Spaak was a Belgian prime minister who had lots to do with the treaties of Rome.
The treaties – basis for democratic cooperation built on law
1952: The European Coal and Steel Community
- EGKS: The European Coal and Steel Community was an organisation of six European
countries created after World War II to regulate their industrial production under a
centralised authority.
1958: The treaties of Rome:
- The European Economic Community
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