Summary Democracy in South Africa Notes for Matric History
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Cours
History
Établissement
12th Grade
These notes are a complete summary of the lead up and start of democracy in South Africa.
These notes were used by the Author to get a Top 1 % in History in the IEB.
It includes the following sections:
DIALOGUE AND TALKS
STEPS TO DEMOCRACY ()
START OF NEGOTIATIONS ()
TALKS BREAK DOWN...
THE COMING OF DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA:
Jan 1990: Apartheid still firmly in place; liberation movements banned; Nelson
Mandela still imprisoned
April 1994: SA working towards democratic constitution; apartheid legislation
abandoned; first democratic election on 27-8 April 1994
1. DIALOGUE AND TALKS
DIALOGUE WITH MANDELA
Began in late 1980s
Campaign for Mandela’s release (internal and external) put mounting pressure on SA
gov
Jan 1985: Botha offered Mandela freedom if he would renounce violence [conditional
release]. Mandela declined
Nov 1985: Minister of Justice (Kobie Coetsee) met him in Volks Hospital (CT) still
pursuing conditional release. This led to series of discussions between Mandela and
NP officials
July 1989: Botha met Mandela at Tuynhuys and joint statement issued. Mandela not
renounce violence but agreed to work for peaceful solution to conflict
THE ANC AND BROEDERBOND
Members of ANC in exile (incl. Thabo Mbeki) and members of Broederbond
[brotherhood] and other Afrikaners (incl. Wimpie de Klerk) in England. Reported to
gov
Sept 1989: National Intelligence Service officials secretly met with Thabo Mbeki and
Jacob Zuma (ANC leaders) in Switzerland.
Exploratory talks NP tried to see what ANC stood for in terms of continuation of
armed struggle, links with Communist Part and possibility of compromise
THE ANC AND BUSINESS LEADERS
Sept 1985 onwards: Public meetings between ANC and different SA groups
1987: business leaders and large group of Afrikaners met ANC in Dakar, Senegal.
Talks denounced by Botha but helped give ANC legitimacy as key play in SA future.
ANC becoming increasingly accepted internationally as main organisation speaking
for oppressed SA
THE EMINENT PERSONS GROUP
, Commonwealth meeting in Nassau, Bahamas compromise [an EPG would travel
to SA to study prospects for change and report at next Summit]
15 Aug 1985: Botha’s Rubicon speech (told world to expect radical policy shift that
didn’t materialise). EPG partly in response…
1986: 7 member group arrived in SA, met Mandela in Pollsmoor Prison and proposed
exactly what De Klerk would propose in 1990
May 1986: SADF launched commando and air attacks on supposed ANC bases in
Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana [aborting EPG mission]
State of Emergency…
OPERATION VULA AND THE HARARE DECLARATION
ANC under pressure to work for negotiated settlement
Oliver Tambo (leader) approved secret plan [Operation Vula] which involved sending
senior members into SA to organise underground support and promote mobilisation
within
ANC publicly issued set of liberal-democratic constitutional guidelines
August 1989: ANC was to propose detailed programme for moving to negotiations
Harare Declaration: if demonstrable readiness on part of Pretoria regime to seriously
and genuinely engage in negotiations, could create possibility to end apartheid
through negotiations
5 pre-conditions laid down by Harare Declaration:
1. Lift state of emergency
2. End restrictions on political activity
3. Legalise all political organisations
4. Release all political prisoners
5. Stop all political executions
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