Hoorcollege 1 Approaches to space and environment 4/9/23
Tentamen
- Open boek
- Artikelen, aantekeningen
- 2 vragen
Hoorcollege 2 The sphinx in the city
Leonie Sandercock the power of planning history
- “Professions (nations) keep their shape by molding their members (citizens),
understanding of the past, causing them to forget those events that do not accord
with a righteous image, while keeping alive those memories that do.”
- “Planning history is a regulatory activity whose purpose has been the imposition of a
particular kind of moral and social order with its attendant relations of power ...
whose origins were in part propelled by a pervasive fear of desire and of ‘disorder’ in
the city.”
Planning as a need to impose order
Cities as space of opportunities, self-fulfilment
Fear of the city – ‘die angst vor der stadt’ (20th century)
- Balloon technology that would allow people to get a full view of the city
- 1866 Nadar, first photo of a city from above threatened social order (poverty,
social strive, social rebellion)
- Problem with view from above modernist planning
What could be the problem to see the city from above (modern planning problems)?
- Forget citizens
- You lose sight of everyday life (in the streets/homes/alleys/workshops)
- Horror of the slums, overcrowding basements
19th century industrialization and urbanization
- mass migration to cities
- Poverty widespread use of low-paid, casual work and home-work
- Inability to move (compounded by language and cultural barriers)
- Incompetent and corrupt local government
Spaces of fear
- Fear of dirt and unhygienic living conditions
- Fear of disease (city men as biologically unfit, not full citizens)
- Fear of disorder (social evil)
- Fear of unaccompanied women/gays in public space
- Fear of colonial subjects in public space
- Fear of ‘the dangerous classes’ (unemployed, socialists, anarchists)
- Fear of insurrection and revolution
,Sphinx in the city – Emile Zola ‘Nana’
- Mystery, enigma
- Woman in the picture is talking to the figure (sphinx)
- Nana distracts men (contained, controlled)
- Gender inequality
The booth survey = map of London which features districts of the city according to
population
Classifying a society
Urban planning:
1. Progressive housing legislation
1888 Local government act creates new, democratically elected body,
London County Council
1890 Housing of the Working Classes Act: provides for redevelopment of large
areas with compulsory purchase guarantee for building working-class lodging-
housing
Opens way for progressive local authorities to take control with borrowing
powers enabling the acquisition of land beyond boundaries of existing
boroughs
2. Progressive housing design
The dumbell tenement (vorm huizen, meer licht, courtyards)
Fire traps because of design, density of populations
physical design creates new (social) problems
American solution Chicago’s Hull House – Jane Addams
- Collective rooms – new social order, ideals of future American citizenry
, Hoorcollege 3 Social utiopian & anarchist geographer/planners
Planning to halt social unrest
David Rolfe Graeber
- Work traps people to meaninglessness
- Anarchist
- Debt leads to poverty
Thomas More
- Ou-topos = nowhere, eu-topos = a good place
- Sketch outline of society
- Imagination and social action
- Gold – how do we value – creates hierarchy
- Hij was niet tevreden over de westerse maatschappij en dacht na over een betere
wereld. Op basis van Griekse filosofie en christelijke godsdienst heeft hij
een utopische samenleving ontworpen waar de mensen samenleefden in een sfeer
van broederlijkheid. De gemeenschap van Utopia trok zich terug uit de maatschappij
om strikt volgens de eigen principes te kunnen leven.
Planning as social mobilization (Friedmann)
- Encompassing three major oppositional movements of 19th century
- Emerging in France and England
- Perspective of victims of industrialization and critique of ‘industrialism’ (below view)
- Objective: political practice of ‘human liberation’ (roots in Enlightenment social
emancipation)
Social utopianism
- Possibilities of a secular life in small communities apart from State
- Money-free economy based on exchange of labour time exchange of service
- Influence of social and physical environment on human character moral character
can be improved through landscape and architecture, harmonious living conditions
- Importance for human development of balance between industrial and agricultural
pursuits (‘fields and factories’) nature back into the city
- Free reign given passionate nature of human beings as 1 st break with rational
Benthamite tradition (utilitarianism = actions are right if they are useful or for the
benefit of a majority)
Charles Fourier
Poverty as principle cause of disorder
‘concern’ and ‘cooperation’ the secrets of social success
Distribution of the social product according to need (money)
Assignment of functions according to individual faculties and inclinations (what do
you need to reach full potential), irrespective of gender
Constant mutation of functions, shorter work periods
Central idea: labor pleasure and releases of libidinal forces (‘travail attrayant’)
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