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OCR A Level History AY307/01 Tudor Foreign Policy 1485–1603 MERGED QUESTION PAPER AND MARK SCHEME FOR MAY 2024

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OCR A Level History AY307/01 Tudor Foreign Policy 1485–1603 MERGED QUESTION PAPER AND MARK SCHEME FOR MAY 2024

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Thursday 23 May 2024 – Morning
A Level History A
Y307/01 Tudor Foreign Policy 1485–1603
Time allowed: 2 hours 30 minutes




Turn over

, 2

SECTION A

Read the two passages and answer Question 1.


1 Evaluate the interpretations in both of the two passages.

Explain which you think is more convincing as an explanation of the reasons for the loss of Calais
in 1558. [30]


Passage A

Seldom, if ever, has England gone to war so unwilling and so unprepared. But, once war was
declared, the queen’s subjects rallied around the government. Those who had been implicated in
rebellion or sedition willingly took commands in the army and navy. The difficulties experienced in
raising troops were the result of both the inefficient muster system and the famine of 1555–7 rather
than a reflection of popular hostility to the war.

The fighting at first went well. On the continent a small English force took part in the successful siege
of Saint Quentin. By October 1557, the campaign seemed over. The pope had accepted the Spanish
terms and Philip II of Spain’s army was preparing for winter. But the dry weather continued and Henry
II of France decided to try to recoup his prestige by an enterprise against Calais. Many explanations
have been postulated for the speedy fall of the fortress.

Mary’s economy drive has also been held to blame for the disaster. The garrison was run down
after August to save money. It was thus only at peacetime strength when assaulted and contained
barely half the number required for minimum security against attack. To counteract Guises invasion,
therefore, reinforcements were needed, but these were not forthcoming as the Council, unable to
believe that Calais was seriously threatened, failed to send a relief army. Philip, too, did not order his
army to aid Calais.

S. Doran, England and Europe 1485–1603, published in 1996.


Passage B

Calais itself was not well fortified but the outer forts were in reasonably good shape, though woefully
undermanned. Keeping up the defences of the area and ensuring an adequate food supply for more
than four thousand people who lived there cost a great deal of money, and as the trading status of
Calais declined, successive English governments were reluctant to commit the necessary funds.

The French king committed himself tirelessly in the autumn of 1557 to planning his campaign of
recapture. General rumour and more specific information from spies warned the council in London
and the garrison in Calais that it was only a matter of time before the French moved against them.
Philip II of Spain was also well aware of these intentions. But nobody did anything. Instead, there was
a collective reliance on the impossibility of a serious campaign in winter.

Part of the blame must attach to Lord Wentworth. He was comparatively young and untried. His
undoubted Protestant leanings made him a dubious choice for the job. Probably, though, he was
simply lulled, like everyone else, into a false sense of security. Wishful thinking convinced him that
though there were reports of large numbers of French forces in the area, Calais was not the target.
Not until the last days of 1557 does he really seem to have embraced the threat he faced. Even then,
he did not use his most potent weapon, which was to open the sluice gates and flood the marshes.
Nor does he seem to have requested help from Philip until the French were besieging him. The
manner of loss was so abject that treachery was naturally suspected.

L. Porter, Mary Tudor, published in 2009.

, 3

SECTION B

Answer any two questions.


2* ‘Throughout the period from 1485 to 1603, England was never a major power in Europe.’

How far do you agree? [25]


3* Assess the reasons why England’s relations with Spain changed from peace to war during the
period from 1485 to 1603. [25]


4* ‘The impact of foreign relations on economic affairs in England was greater than on financial
affairs.’

How far do you agree with this view of the period from 1485 to 1603? [25]



END OF QUESTION PAPER

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