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OCR A Level History AY309/01 The Ascendancy of the Ottoman Empire 1453–1606 MERGED QUESTION PAPER AND MARK SCHEME FOR MAY 2024 10,64 €   Ajouter au panier
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OCR A Level History AY309/01 The Ascendancy of the Ottoman Empire 1453–1606 MERGED QUESTION PAPER AND MARK SCHEME FOR MAY 2024
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OCR A Level History AY309/01 The Ascendancy of the Ottoman Empire 1453–1606 MERGED QUESTION PAPER AND MARK SCHEME FOR MAY 2024

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Thursday 23 May 2024 – Morning
A Level History A
Y309/01 The Ascendancy of the Ottoman Empire 1453–1606
Time allowed: 2 hours 30 minutes




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, 2

SECTION A

Read the two passages and answer Question 1.


1 Evaluate the interpretations in both of the two passages.

Explain which you think is more convincing as an explanation of the impact of the fall of
Constantinople in 1453. [30]


Passage A

In the West the fall of Constantinople changed nothing and everything. To those close to the events, it
was clear that the city was undefendable. As an isolated enclave its capture was ultimately inevitable.
If Constantine had managed to stave off the Ottoman siege, it would only have been a matter of
time before another assault succeeded. For those who care to look, the fall of Constantinople was
largely the symbolic recognition of an established fact: that the Ottomans were a world power,
firmly established in Europe. Few were that close. Even the Venetians, with their spies and their
endless flow of diplomatic information back to the Senate, were largely unaware of the military
capabilities available to Mehmed II (Mehmet). They had not understood the power of the guns or
the determination and resourcefulness of Mehmed II (Mehmet) himself. What the capture of the city
underlined was the extent to which the balance of power had already shifted in the Mediterranean
– and clarified the threat to a host of Christian interests and nations that Constantinople, as a buffer
zone, had encouraged them to ignore.

Throughout the Christian world the consequences were religious, military, economic and
psychological. At once the terrible image of Mehmed II (Mehmet) and his ambitions were drawn into
sharp focus for the Greeks, the Venetians, the Genoese, the Pope in Rome, the Hungarians, the
Wallachians and all the peoples of the Balkans. Step‑by‑step the very incarnation of the Antichrist
seemed to be moving inexorably against the Christian world.

R. Crowley, Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453, published in 2006.

, 3

Passage B

The result of the fall of Constantinople was the redrawing of the world maps in the minds of men. The
fall of that great imperial city contributed to a movement that was already taking place in Europe, the
Renaissance.

Older books used to claim that Greek‑speaking scholars, writers, and intellectuals had fled
Constantinople as it fell, taking with them ancient classical texts, and that these texts fired the
Renaissance. Actually, the picture is more complicated. Intellectuals had been leaving Constantinople
long before 1453. They’d been transferring texts and their personal knowledge for a long time. The
texts that Byzantine scholars brought with them to the West didn’t cause the Renaissance. What
their Greek texts did was to feed the second wave of Renaissance activity, which was based on the
rediscovery of Greek texts. Most important of all was that the Greek scholars who arrived in the West
taught the Greek language to the Italian humanists and enriched their understanding.

Further, the fall of Constantinople presented a geographic problem for Europeans. Trade routes with
the Orient, which had run through the Byzantine Empire, were now in the hands of the Ottoman Turks.
These routes were not entirely closed, because trade continued, in part helped by the merchants of
Venice and Genoa trading with the Turks. But the desire of Europeans to outflank the Turks and to
find alternative routes for the trade would spur European voyages of discovery, including the voyage
which led Columbus to what was for him a new world.

This drive to outflank the Turks also had a strategic and religious dimension, which recalled the
Crusades. The key geopolitical location of earlier authority, Constantinople, had been lost.

V. G. Liulevicius, The fall of Constantinople: A Turning point in Modern History, published in
2020.




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