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Summary Draft of Research Investigation.docx PSY 300 Draft of Research Investigation Southern New Hampshire University PSY 300: Biopsychology Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior. According to t€7,13
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Summary Draft of Research Investigation.docx PSY 300 Draft of Research Investigation Southern New Hampshire University PSY 300: Biopsychology Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior. According to t
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Draft of Research I PSY 300 Draft of Research Investigation Southern New Hampshire University PSY 300: Biopsychology Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM...
draft of research investigationdocx psy 300 draft of research investigation southern new hampshire university psy 300 biopsychology autism spectrum disorder asd is a developmental disorder
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PSY 300
Draft of Research Investigation
Southern New Hampshire University
PSY 300: Biopsychology
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that affects communication
and behavior. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
(2013), individuals that are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder have difficulty
communicating and interacting with other individuals, restrictive and/or repetitive patterns of
behavior or interests, and symptoms that cause significant impairments in social, occupational, or
other areas of life. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020),
based on data from a survey conducted in 2016 about 1 in 54 children were diagnosed with
autism spectrum disorder and it is more than 4 times more common among boys than girls.
Literature Review
Cochran et al. (2015) proposed that there is an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory
neurotransmission in autism spectrum disorder. They compared glutamate (Glu), glutamine
(Gln), and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of 13
males diagnosed with ASD and 14 typically developed (TD) males who were between the
ages of 13-17 years and they correlated the levels with intelligence quotient (IQ) as well as
measures of social cognition. The researchers acquired the neuroimaging data using a 3.0 Tesla
Philips Achieva whole-body MR system with an eight-element phased-array head coil at the
Advanced MRI Center at the University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS). A
neuroradiologist who was board certified at UMMS read the anatomic MRI scans and no
abnormalities were identified (Cochran et al., 2015). The results of the study show that there
, were higher Gln levels and lower GABA/Cre levels in the ASD group than in the TD group and
there was no difference in Glu levels between the groups.
DeMayo et al. (2019) claim that the amygdala has an important role in social
development, most likely as a gatekeeper that coordinates and integrates processing between
other critical circuits for attention, sensory integration, motor coordination, and reward. They
propose that the amygdala plays a crucial role for facilitating the ability to engage and learn from
social experiences within the caregiver-infant dyad. The authors state that there is evidence to
suggest the pathways that regulate the Activation, Integration, Discrimination, Response, and
Reward (AIDRR) are primarily coordinated by the amygdala, particularly the basolateral
amygdala (BLA). This is based on functional and structural connectivity findings linking it to
the superior temporal sulcus (STS).
Hotier et al. (2017) found that the ascending ramus of the superior temporal sulcus (STS)
is longer in children with ASD that are high functioning compared to typically developing
children, with a more pronounced difference in the right hemisphere. However, they claim that
the morphology of the structures has not been examined in adults with ASD and that it is
unknown whether the morphology of the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) branches can
mediate social cognition abilities in healthy people or in individuals with ASD. The authors
hypothesized that the length of the anterior caudal branch of the superior temporal sulcus would
be longer among patients with ASD and the length would be associated with the measures of
social cognition. They state that the superior temporal sulcus is one of the key components of the
“social brain” and it plays a central role in social cognition, which includes the processing of
face perception and Theory of Mind. Theory of Mind is the ability to assign mental states to
others and use them to predict the behavior of others and is processed within the posterior area of
the STS.
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