Summary APC3701 - The Politics Of Southern Africa - Chinese, Indian and Brazilian engagement in the Zambian economy.
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APC3701 - The Politics Of Southern Africa
Instelling
University Of South Africa (Unisa)
Critically discuss Chinese, Indian and Brazilian engagement in the Zambian economy. Also give attention to the effect of the engagement of these “new” regional powers on Zambia’s relationship with traditional (European) partners.
ZAMBIA
Critically discuss Chinese, Indian and Brazilian engagement in the Zambian
economy. Also give attention to the effect of the engagement of these “new”
regional powers on Zambia’s relationship with traditional (European) partners.
Introduction
1. The international development arena is the home of major changes in the
geographies of power.
2. It consists, among other things, of a combination of the emergence of a
number of global and regional powers such as Brazil, India and China, the
(re)entry on the development scene of these non-traditional state actors
(NTSA), and the relative decline in economic power of long-term
established development partners organized in the Development
Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development OECD.
3. At the center of this transformation are resource-rich African economies,
which are currently benefiting from a combination of booming commodity
prices, reduced debt burdens, improved credit ratings and the presence of
NTSAs.
4. This essay will examine the impact of these new regional powers on the
economy of Zambia and how they affect the relations between Zambia
and traditional partners.
Background
1. In 1964, the first elections were held with a view to granting Zambia its
independence under the United National Independence Party (Unip) led
by Kenneth Kaunda.
2. When it gained independence, Zambia was one of the world’s leading
producers of copper.
, 3. However, because the Zambian government relied only on copper to
sustain the economy, other sectors of the economy , such as agriculture
and manufacturing remained underdeveloped.
4. Zambia encountered economic problems during the time of the first
republic and these problems continued throughout the second and third
republics. In the first republic (1964 -1972) intense factional competition
for office and public resources within the ruling party (Unip) created
political conflict over the spoils of power.
5. Corruption took root in the first republic because Unip members fought for
positions of power, persons in public office could enrich themselves and
they could pay off the public to get their support and to establish a patron-
client relationship. People in public office rewarded supporters from their
own areas or ethnic groups and looked after their own people.
6. The corruption was aided by foreigners who were prepared to pay bribes
to sidestep official procedures and to obtain licenses.
7. The second Zambian republic came into being in December 1972,
following the imposition of a one-party state. Dissatisfaction with the
distribution of rewards led to numerous threats by Unip members to leave
the party, either to join the opposition or to form other parties.
8. It was for this reason that Kaunda imposed a one-party democracy, which
he justified as system that will help weed out political opportunist and end
politics of patronage. This did not yield the desired outcomes, instead,
corruption and mismanagement increased, the president did not consult
with anyone before making decisions and since opposition parties were
outlawed, criticism of government policies could only be aired through
Unip.
9. Zambia is a critical case for understanding current changes in
development space for African economies: for two decades it was
‘identified as an emblematic case of a country dominated by its donors’,but
recently copper prices have increased tremendously, making more finance
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