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Notes and Essay Plans - France in revolution, 1774–99 - Edexcel A-Level History - Notes on early revolution and Directory until after the coup of Brumaire€9,23
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Notes and Essay Plans - France in revolution, 1774–99 - Edexcel A-Level History - Notes on early revolution and Directory until after the coup of Brumaire
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Unit 2C.1 - France in revolution, 1774-99
Instelling
PEARSON (PEARSON)
Notes to form essay plans for A-Level History modules
*Module A - The origins and onset of revolution, 1774–89*
• The ancien régime and its challenges in 1774: absolutism and court faction; the parlements; the three estates; rights of nobles and
church privilege; the impact of the Enligh...
Success of the Directory
Political Economic
Bourgeois and Noble/Royal opposition discredited and so unable to pose a serious threat Budget balanced in 1797/8
- June 1795 – Verona Declaration (LXVI’s brother declared himself LXVIII) - War
o NB promised 200 m worth of plunder in
Northern Italy
Sans-Culottes no longer a threat o Payment from “Sister Republics” (e.g. 100 m
- Following Thermidor, 100 SCs executed florin fine from Batavian Republic)
o Billaud-Varenne, Collot d’Herbois arrested o Sold Church Lands in Belgium
o Carrier executed for actions in Nantes, in December 1794 - Internal
o Many former Montagnards (like Tallien) who had supported the previous Jacobin regime now renounced their o September 1797 – Ramel (Minister of Finance)
previous beliefs to save themselves and joined the moderates. renounced 2/3s of debt with a one-off payment in
- Violence against Jacobins and SCs (e.g. from Jeunesse Doree/Muscadins who began to form gangs in September 1794)
paper bonds.
o Government did little to stop them – following November 1794 Muscadin attack on Jacobin Club, the NC ordered the
Reduced annual interest on debt by 160
Jacobin club be closed.
million francs p.a.
- After April 1795 Germinal Uprising, NC ordered disarming of those involved in the Terror (including 1,600 SCs) o Ramel restored some old indirect taxes (custom
- After May 1795 Prairial Uprising, 6,000 rebel troops were arrested
barriers at city gates, l’octroi)
o Prairial represented end of SCs as a political and military force. o 1798 – Ramel established 4 direct taxes (land,
trading licenses, moveable property,
Against external forces (enemies) doors/windows)
- June 1794 – Battle of Fleurus broke up 1st Coalition o Budget balanced in late 1797 (until war broke
- Summer 1794 – France occupying Austrian Netherlands out in 1798)
- January 1795 – France created Batavian Republic
o Dutch had to pay 100 m florin fine and pay for upkeep of (25,000 strong) French force
o Dutch had to give up some southern lands
o Be France’s ally against Britain
- September 1799 – France able to push Russians out of Switzerland
- October 1799 – France able to push British and Russians out of Netherlands
Crushed other uprisings
- June 1795 – Rebel army of 70,000, 20,000 Chouans in Quiberon Bay
o July 1795 – Hoche crushed the White Terror and Chouan threat (640 emigres and 108 Chouans executed)
- NB restored order in Vendemiere uprising of October 1795
o NB defended with 7,800 troops against 25,000
o After – NG turned into Police Legion under NB’s control
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