WSU Psych 350 Exam 1 question with complete solution 2022

WSU Psych 350 Exam 1 question with complete solution 2022Social Psychology The scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in a social context Social context: emphasis on the social nature of individuals (imagined or real presence of people) How social psychology is similar to and different from related fields picture of chart in notes Birth and Infancy of Social Psychology: 1880s-1920s (first published experiment) -First published social psychology experiment: Norman Triplett (1897) -Found that bicyclists ride 20% faster when racing in the presence of other riders than when racing alone Birth and Infancy of Social Psychology: 1880s-1920s (first textbooks) First textbooks were McDougall (1908), Ross (1908), and F. Allport (1924) -Books established social psychology as a distinct field of study A Call to Action: 1930s-1950s -Society for the psychological study of social issues formed in 1936 -stock market crash led emphasis on social issues in country -1940s-1960s interest in obedience to authority & group dynamics bc world war II Confidence and Crisis: 1960's - Mid-1970's -Milgram's famous obedience experiments (shock machine & cant get people to do bad things if u just tell them to do so) -Period of expansion that research was generating -Also a time of crisis and heated debate bc Strong reactions against the laboratory experiment as the dominant research method An Era of Pluralism: Mid 1970s-2000s -"Crisis" led to a stronger discipline -Adoption of pluralism -Acceptance of many methods of investigation in addition to the laboratory experiment -Development of international and multicultural perspectives -Increased awareness of gender and racial bias in social psychological research Ethics of Social Psychology Research -Deception in experiment may be used to intentionally fool the participant into thinking something untrue in order to study some aspect of behavior -Confederate: a friend of an experimenter so research participants think they are a fellow participant Confederate An accomplice of an experimenter whom research participants assume is a fellow participant or bystander Which of the following questions would a social psychologist be most likely to study? a) Are crime rates different among people of higher versus lower socioeconomic status? b) What risk factors contribute to the onset of schizophrenia? c) Is there a link between playing violent video games and engaging in aggressive behavior? d) Do citizens in countries with democratic governments report greater life satisfaction than citizens in countries with autocratic governments? C In the 1940's through the 1960's, social psychologists became particularly interested in obedience to authority, persuasion, and group dynamics. Why? A) World War II B) stock market crash C) the Civil War D) no good reason - they were bored and needed something to study A Sense of Self -Develops at around 18-24 months of age -Few other animals possess a sense of self: great apes, whales and dolphins, elephants, magpies, crows, ravens, jays -role of self: self reflection helps self understanding and self is influenced by social factors ABCs of the Self 1. Affect 2. Behavior 3. Cognition Affect (emotion) How do we evaluate ourselves, enhance our self-images, and defend against threats to our self-esteem? Behavior How do we regulate our actions and present ourselves according to interpersonal demands? Cognition How do we come to know ourselves, develop a self-concept, and maintain a stable sense of identity? The Self Concept -Self is an important object of our attention -Cocktail party effect: Cocktail Party Effect Wired to perceive things about ourselves, I.e. when someone says our name in a loud room we hear it versus other words Self Concept -The sum total of beliefs and feelings that people have about themselves How self concept changes with age -At an early age—centers around observable physical characteristics (sex, age, hobbies) -At later ages—a greater emphasis on thoughts and feelings, and on others' opinions Self Schema Beliefs about oneself that guide processing of self-relevant information Schemas -A general outline of what we know about someone or something -Based on prior knowledge and experience -A schema guides and speed up information processing -Information consistent with a schema is quickly processed -Information inconsistent with a schema is often dismissed Looking-Glass Self -Others serve as a mirror in which we see ourselves -Self as relational Five sources of where we get our self-concept 1. Introspection 2. Perceptions of our own behavior 3. Influences of other people 4. Autobiographical memories 5. Cultural influences on the self concept Source #1: Introspection -Self-knowledge through looking inward at one's own thoughts and feelings -But does introspection always lead to accurate self-knowledge? -Not always—being to analytical about one's feeling, preferences can lead to confusion Source #2: Perceptions of Own Behavior -People can learn about themselves simply by watching their own behavior Source #3: Influences of Other People -We define ourselves in part by using others as a benchmark -Social comparison theory -Festinger (1954): when uncertain about our abilities or opinions, we evaluate self through comparisons with similar others -Goals of social comparison -Accurate self evaluation -Self enhancement -Downward social comparisons: comparison to those who are worse off -Self improvement -Upward social comparison: comparison with people who are doing better Source #4 Autobiographical Memories -Flashbulb memories serve as prominent landmarks in our autobiographies -Although vivid, they are not always accurate -We are often motivated to distort the past in ways that are self-inflated -Distortions in memory of high school grades (figure 3.3) Source #5 Cultural Influences on the Self Concept -Contrasting cultural orientations: -Individualism -Collectivism Facial Feedback Hypothesis -Changes in facial expression can lead to changes in emotions -Through self-perception -Alternate explanation: produces physiological changes that produce emotions -Robert Zajonc Two Factor Theory of Emotion -Two factors are necessary to feel a specific emotion -We must experience physiological arousal -We must make a cognitive interpretation that explains the source of the arousal -Subject to misinterpretation -Bridge experiment -Excitation transfer Excitation Transfer The process whereby arousal caused by one stimulus is added to arousal from a second stimulus and the combined arousal is attributed to the second stimulus Intrinsic motivation Originates in factors within a person -performing an action or behavior because you enjoy the activity itself. Extrinsic Motivation Originates in factors outside the person - refers to behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise The Overjustification Effect -The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do -The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task Downward Social Comparisons Comparison to those who are worse off