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BIOLOGY 225 MIDTERM 1 FORM AND FUNCTION OF ORGANISMS IN ANIMALS CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY 2023 COMING SEMESTER EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FULL TEST BANK
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BIOL 225
Instelling
Concordia University (
)
Textbook Readings Chapter _ 32
Animal Diversity
Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers
Animals are a diverse monophyletic group with 34 major animal phyla
About 1.3 million species of animals living
Three characteristics de�...
biology 225 midterm 1 form and function of organisms in animals concordia university 2023 coming semester exam study guide with practice questions and answers full test bank
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lOMoAR cPSD| 6353920
BIOLOGY 225 MIDTERM
1 FORM AND FUNCTION
OF ORGANISMS IN
ANIMALS CONCORDIA
UNIVERSITY 2023
COMING SEMESTER
EXAM STUDY GUIDE
WITH PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS FULL TEST
BANK
,
, lOMoAR cPSD| 6353920
Textbook Readings
Chapter _ 32
Animal Diversity
❖ Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from
embryonic layers
❖ Animals are a diverse monophyletic group with 34 major animal phyla
❖ About 1.3 million species of animals living
❖ Three characteristics define the entire group
1. Mode of nutrition
2. Cell structure and specialization
3. Reproduction and development
❖ Nutritional Monde
❖ Animals are heterotrophs
❖ They cannot construct all their own organic molecules
❖ They obtain organic molecules from their food, that they
ingest and digest within their bodies
❖ Cell Structure and Specialization
❖ Animals are multicellular eukaryotes
❖ They lack cell walls
❖ Their bodies are held together by structural proteins such as
collagen
❖ Nervous tissue and muscle tissues are unique, defining
characteristics of animals
❖ Reproduction and Development
❖ Most animals reproduce sexually with diploid stage usually
dominating the life cycle
❖ A sperm fertilizes an egg, zygote undergoes tepid cell division
called cleavage
❖ Cleavage leads to multicellular and hollow blastula
❖ Blastula undergoes gastrulation forming a gastrula with different
layers of embryonic tissues
❖ Endoderm of archenteron becomes the alimentary canal (the lining
go the digestive tract)
❖ Molecular control of gastrulation conserved among diverse animal
groups
❖ Most animals have at least one larval stage
❖ A Larva is a sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult
❖ It eventually undergoes metamorphosis to become a juvenile
❖ A juvenile resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature
❖ Hox genes regulate development of body form. They are highly conserved but over time
have undergone duplication.
❖ Hox-gene set contains up to 13 genes.
❖ Invertebrates have a single copy of this
❖ 13-gene set
❖ Vertebrates have 4 copies.
❖ Hence, vertebrates have more complex cells, tissues and organs.
, lOMoAR cPSD| 6353920
❖ Neoproterozoic Era (1 Billion–542 Million Years Ago)
❖ Early members of the animal fossil record include the Ediacaran biota, which dates from
565 to 550 million years ago
❖ Paleozoic Era (542–251 Million Years Ago)
❖ The Cambrian explosion (535 to 525 million years ago) marks the earliest fossil appearance
of many major groups of living animals
❖ Most of the fossils from the Cambrian explosion are of bilaterians, organisms that have the
following traits:
❖ Bilaterally symmetric form – Complete digestive tract
❖ One-way digestive system
❖ The Burgess Shale site in B.C. is rich in fossils from approximately 505 million years ago
❖ Several hypotheses regarding cause of Cambrian explosion and decline of Ediacaran biota
❖ New predator-prey relationships
❖ A rise in atmospheric oxygen
❖ The evolution of Hox gene complex
❖ Animal diversity continued to increase through Paleozoic, but punctuated by
mass extinctions (4 extinction events)
❖ Animals began to make an impact on land by 460 million years ago
❖ Mesozoic Era (251–65.5 Million Years Ago)
❖ The first mammals emerged: tiny nocturnal insect eaters
❖ During Mesozoic era, dinosaurs were dominant terrestrial vertebrates.
❖ Flowering plants and insects diversified
❖ Cenozoic Era (65.5 Million Years Ago to the Present)
❖ The beginning of the Cenozoic era followed mass extinctions of both terrestrial and marine
animals
❖ These extinctions included the large, nonflying dinosaurs and marine reptiles
❖ Mammals increased in size and exploited vacated ecological niches
❖ The global climate cooled
❖ Body Plans
❖ A set of morphological and developmental traits
❖ Symmetry
❖ Tissues
❖ Body Cavities
❖ Protostome and Deutrostoem Development
❖ Symmetry
❖ Lack of Symmetry
❖ Radial Symmetry
❖ No front back or left or right
❖ Sessile or planktonic (drifting or weak swimming)
❖ Bilateral Symmetry
❖ Dorsal = Top
❖ Ventral = Bottom
❖ Anterior = head
❖ Posterior = tail
❖ Left and right sides
❖ Cephalization, development of a head.
❖ Move actively and have a central nervous system
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