WGU D094(Educational Psychology and Development of Children and Adolescents)2023

WGU D094(Educational Psychology and Development of Children and Adolescents)2023. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Correct answer-Popular motivational theory proposed by Abraham Maslow in 1943. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Main Idea - Correct answer-Individuals must satisfy a basic series of needs before they can reach their potential. Maslow's Deficiency Needs - Correct answer-Physiological, Safety, Love and Belonging, and Esteem Maslow's Growth Needs - Correct answer-Cognitive, Aesthetic, Self-Actualization, Transcendence Maslow's Physiological Need - Correct answer-Biological needs for survival, food, water, shelter Maslow's Safety Need - Correct answer-Protection from the elements, law and order, financial security, and freedom from fear. Maslow's Love and Belonging Need - Correct answer-Need for interpersonal relationships - friendships, intimacy, being part of a group. Maslow's Esteem Need - Correct answer-Self-respect, respect from others, achievement, status, and prestige. Maslow's Cognitive Need - Correct answer-Curiosity, knowledge, and intellectual exploration Maslow's Aesthetic Need - Correct answer-Need focuses on the search for and expression of beauty and balance. Maslow's Self-Actualization Need - Correct answer-Personal growth and fulfillment and the realization of one's personal potential as a human being. Maslow's Transcendence Need - Correct answer-Meeting spiritual needs or helping others achieve self-actualization. Arnold Gesell - Correct answer-First theorist to observe and document stages of physical development. Gesell's Maturational Theory - Correct answer-Child's growth & development are influenced by both their environment and genes in sequential order Infancy - Correct answer-The stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months. Dozens of motor skills are added. Early Childhood - Correct answer-The stage of development from 2 - 6 years old. Improvements occur in both fine and gross motor skills. Middle Childhood - Correct answer-The stage of development from 6 - 10 years old. Slow but steady gains in weight and height. Adolescence - Correct answer-The stage of development from 10 - 18 years old. Weight and height increase rapidly and puberty begins. Jean Piaget - Correct answer-Swiss psychologist known for his Theory of Cognitive Development. Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - Correct answer-Theory that suggests children move through four different stages of development. Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational. Sensorimotor Stage - Correct answer-Stage of development from birth to 2 years. Infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and manipulating objects. Object Permanence - Correct answer-The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen. Major development of sensorimotor stage. Preoperational Stage - Correct answer-Stage of development from 2 to 7 years. Kids learn through pretend play. Egocentric and struggle to see others perspective. Concrete Operational Stage - Correct answer-Stage of development from 7 to 11 years. Logical thought begins, and they understand the idea of conservation. Formal Operational Stage - Correct answer-Stage of development for 12 years and up. Abstract thought begins. Higher order thinking and ability to systematically plan for future. Schema - Correct answer-Categories of knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world. An organized pattern of behavior or thought. Assimilation - Correct answer-Process of using or transforming the environment so that it can be placed in preexisting cognitive structures (schema). Accomodation - Correct answer-Process of changing cognitive structures (schema) in order to accept something from the environment. Can also develop new schemas. Equilibration - Correct answer-The attempt to strike a balance between assimilation and accommodation. The tendency to organize schemas. Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development - Correct answer-Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory that emphasized the important role of social interactions in the development of children's cognition. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - Correct answer-The place where the most sensitive instruction or guidance should be given. It is the link between what we can do and what we can't do. More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) - Correct answer-Someone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner. Vygotsky's Social Approach to Language Development - Correct answer-Language develops through social interactions. Bandura's Social Learning Theory - Correct answer-Learning occurs through observation and modeling. 3 Types of Modeling - Correct answer-Live models, direct instruction, and symbolic instruction. Carol Gilligan's Theory of Gender and Moral Development - Correct answer-Based her work on Kohlberg's theories, but states gender might influence ethical development. Ethics of Care - Correct answer-Women's moral and ethical decisions often focus on way decisions will affect people and relationships. Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development - Correct answer-Moral development takes place in stages. Preconventional Stage - Correct answer-Moral development stage where your behavior is influenced by rewards and punishments Conventional Stage - Correct answer-Moral development stage where your behavior is influenced by peer pressure/society Postconventional Stage - Correct answer-Moral development stage where your behavior is influenced by your own ethics Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development - Correct answer-8 stages of identify development where people are motivated by the need to achieve competence in certain areas of their lives. Trust vs. Mistrust - Correct answer-Infants need for comfort and safety. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Correct answer-Toddlers need for independence and doing things on their own. Initiative vs. Guilt - Correct answer-Preschoolers need for initiating activities. Pushing physical and social boundaries. Industry vs. Inferiority - Correct answer-Elementary need to compare themselves to peers and see how they measure up. Identity vs Role Confusion - Correct answer-Adolescents need to develop a sense of self. Intimacy vs. Isolation - Correct answer-Young adults need to share their lives with others. Chomsky's Theory of Language Development - Correct answer-Chomsky's theory holds that children learn to use language because of an innate capacity for language and communication; they do not need to be explicitly taught but, rather, pick it up instinctively Universal Grammar - Correct answer-Theory states that because most children acquire and use language in a consistent way, there is a common structure or grammar within language. Skinner's Theory of Language Development - Correct answer-Language use is conditioned or influenced by the responses you receive from others around you. Operant Conditioning - Correct answer-Children learn language based on reinforcement. Skinner's Three Language Processes - Correct answer-Imitating, prompting, and sharing. Cognitive Development Barriers - Correct answer-Innate challenges within students. Intellectual disabilities, autism, traumatic brain injuries, and ADHD. Intellectual Disability - Correct answer-A condition where a person has certain limitations like communicating, taking care of themselves, and impaired social skills. Brain Injury Implications - Correct answer-Personality and mood changes, mental health difficulties, visual or memory impairments, attention difficulties, headaches. Autism Spectrum Disorder - Correct answer-Neurodevelopment disorder that affects how children process certain types of information. Signs of trauma in children - Correct answer-Trouble forming relationships, poor selfregulation, hypervigilance, and executive function challenges. Behavioral Disorders - Correct answer-Persistent pattern of behaviors that disrupt a student's functioning or that of the class. Language Disorder - Correct answer-Persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language due to deficits in comprehension or production. Social (pragmatic) Communication Disorder - Correct answer-Difficulties in the social use of verbal and non-verbal communication. Childhood-onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering) - Correct answer-Disruption in the flow of speech and includes repetitions of speech sounds, hesitations, or prolongations of speech sounds. Articulation Difficulties - Correct answer-Challenges in pronouncing words understandably. Voice Disorders - Correct answer-Difficulties with the quality, pitch, and loudness of the voice. Language Barriers - Correct answer-Students struggle to understand and remember verbal information. Central Auditory Processing Disorder - Correct answer-Impairment of the auditory processing, resulting in deficiencies in the recognition and interpretation of sounds by the brain. Expressive Language Disorder - Correct answer-Trouble getting message across when talking. Receptive Language Disorder - Correct answer-Struggle to get the meaning of what others are saying. Mixed Receptive-expressive Language Issues - Correct answer-Struggle with both using and understanding language. Physical Development Barriers - Correct answer-Motor delays, or difficulty hearing or seeing, physical conditions such as nutrition, poverty, and homelessness. Orthopedic Impairments - Correct answer-Impairment that adversely affects a child's educational performance. Neuromotor Impairment - Correct answer-Abnormality of the brain, spinal cord, or nervous system that sends impulses to the muscles. Degenerative Disease - Correct answer-Various diseases that affect motor development. Musculoskeletal Disorder - Correct answer-Conditions that can result in various levels of physical limitations. Multiple Intelligence Theory - Correct answer-Intelligence consists of several abilities and talents that are independent and unrelated to each other. Spearman's g Factor - Correct answer-A general intelligence factor is the basis of all cognitive processes and performance. Triarchy Theory of Intelligence - Correct answer-Robert Stenberg's theory of three intelligences. Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence - Correct answer-Ability to analyze info and produce work that involves oral and written language. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence - Correct answer-Ability to develop equations and proofs, make calculations, and solve abstract problems. Visual-Spatial Intelligence - Correct answer-Comprehend maps and other graphical information. Musical Intelligence - Correct answer-Enables individuals to produce and make meaning of different sounds. Naturalistic Intelligence - Correct answer-Ability to identify and distinguish among different types of plants, animals, and weather formations found in the natural world. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence - Correct answer-Entail's using one's own body to create products or solve problems. Interpersonal Intelligence - Correct answer-Ability to recognize and understand other people's moods, desires, motivations, and intentions. Intrapersonal Intelligence - Correct answer-Ability to recognize and assess those same characteristics within themselves. Classical Conditioning - Correct answer-A neutral stimulus is associated with a natural response. Operant Conditioning - Correct answer-A response is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment. Direct Instruction - Correct answer-Teacher-directed curriculum specifically designed to address the learning needs of underprivileged students. Sensory Memory - Correct answer-Temporary register of all the information your senses are taking in. Working Memory - Correct answer-Whatever you are thinking about right at this moment. Short term memory. Long-term Memory - Correct answer-The relatively permanent storage of information Explicit Memory - Correct answer-Facts or events that you can clearly and explicitly describe. Implicit Memory - Correct answer-Memories of things you may not be able to articulate. Self-Efficacy Theory - Correct answer-Beliefs become a primary, explicit explanation for motivation. Self-Efficacy - Correct answer-Belief that you are capable of carrying out a specific task or at reaching a specific goal. Metacognition - Correct answer-Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes. Cognitive Learning Theory - Correct answer-Learners can be influenced by both internal and external elements. Social Cognitive Theory - Correct answer-Learning happens in a social concept and is impacted by the person, environment, and behavior. Cognitive Behavioral Theory - Correct answer-How we think, how we feel, and how we behave are all connected together. Behaviorism Learning Theory - Correct answer-How a student behaves is based on their interaction with their environment. Constructivism Learning Theory - Correct answer-Students create their own learning based on previous experiences.