Summary BRT: Additional information (book/articles) that is not in slides Questions and Answers 20232

Leonesio v Italian Ministry of Agriculture 1972 - -ECJ held that a Regulation 'produces immediate effects and is, as such, apt to attribute to individuals rights which national courts must uphold' -Antonio Munoz Cia SA v Frumar Ltd 2002 - -Regulations can have horizontal and vertical effect -Van Duyn v Home Office 1974 - -Directives can have vertical direct effect if Van Gend is satisfied -Pubblico Ministero v Ratti 1979 - -A Directive can be relied upon if the time limit for their implementation had passed -Marshall v Southampton Area Health Authority 1986 - -Directives can be relied upon in disputes with the State -Paola Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl 1994 - -Directives cannot be have horizontal effect -Foster v British Gas 1990 - -Defined what a public body was -Doughty v Rolls Royce plc 1992 - -Confirms no horizontal direct effect of directives as Rolls Royce was not an emanation of the State -Griffin v South West Water Services 1995 - -The body did not have to be State-controlled for the State control condition to be satisfied