Samenvatting

Summary OFFENDER REINTEGRATION

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Universiteit Gent (UGent)

DEZE SAMENVATTING VAN OFFENDER REINTEGRATION IS VOLLEDIG MET DE NODIGE UITLEG, ENKEL HET GASTCOLLEGE VAN DAVE HIGHAM NIET (WAS EERDER EEN VERTELLEND VERHAAAL). DE FILM EN DERGELIJKE STAAT ERIN!

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Type Samenvatting

offender reintegration

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Selected Issues: Offender Reintegration
Offender reintegration. What’s in a name?

Goals

Know and have critical insight into
- The narrow & broad perspective on reintegration
- The meaning of different words used to refer to reintegration and related aspects, and the use of these
(re-)words
- The different aims/forms of rehabilitation/reintegration
- The stakeholders involved in reintegration

Background of the selected issues

Corrections > crime control and punishment
- 'Reintegration' is also an essential topic in criminal justice and criminology
- Altough this is recognized by many scholars, this recognition is not reflected in criminal justice and criminology
curricula
- As reintegration entails more than criminal justice interventions and is connected to different policy domains,
other curricula should also have attention for this subject...
▪ F.i. elective cours 'Pedagogical acting in judicial and forensic contexts' (FPPW)
- Courses focusing on offender reintegration = good practice...

Group discussion

What is offender reintegration?

Discuss about and formulate (an) answer(s) to the following questions:
- What do you think of when you hear the word (offender) reintegration or what are the first things that pop
into your mind?
- Who is involved in or responsible for (offender) reintegration?
- What are the aims of reintegration or when is a person who committed crime reintegrated?

Content

1. Buzzword
2. Event AND process
2.1. Ongoing process
2.2. Rehabilitation
2.3. Reentry
2.4. Reintegration
2.5. Resettlement
3. Offender?
4. Conceptualising rehabilitation/ reintegration
4. Multiple stakeholders
5. The use of re-words

,1. Buzzword

A lot of words are used to refer to reintegration
- Interchangeable use of terms as ‘reintegration’ (EU), ‘resocialization’ (EU), ‘reentry’ (US), ‘resettlement’ (UK),
‘throughcare’ (UK), ‘rehabilitation’, … (Carlen, 2013; Griffiths et al., 2007; McNeill & Graham, 2018), and
sometimes even ‘recidivism’, ‘reoffending’, … (Wright & Cesar, 2013).
▪ Different concepts or words are used to refer to the same things, so they are used interchangeably
- But have nevertheless different connotations!
▪ They have different meanings depending on the area where they are used and also in different cultures
→ So time and place is really important to keep in mind when you look to these words

➔ The use of these words also has consequences for the goal they are referring to.

2. Event and process

- Narrow & broad perspective on or definition of ‘reintegration’ (Dünkel et al., 2019; Maruna et al., 2004;
Owens, 2015; Visher, 2015)

- Narrow perspective
▪ More form a 'reentry' perspective, it's a moment, when a person returns to society and the person isn't
really involved in the process

- Broad perspective
▪ Not just a moment when someone leaves for example the prison, here the reintegration process
actually starts when a person has committed an offence or when a person enters prison, involves
multiple actors

,2.1 Ongoing process

“Offender reintegration begins when an inmate first enters prison and continues through their eventual release back
into the community” (Wright & Cesar, 2013, p. 377)
➔ !!! QUOTE kunnen bespreken op het examen !!!

(Gideon & Sung, 2010)

➔ These 3 concepts or processes are an ongoing process, they underpin and fuel each other

2.2 Rehabilitation

- Narrow: (continuous) assessment & intervention/treatment for risks and needs (Gideon & Sung, 2010)
▪ Often related to risk and need assessment
- Result of (Gideon & Sung, 2010)
▪ Deliberate effort of criminal justice authorities (↔ ‘self-induced’ change in the context of desistance)
→ Desistance is more about change that comes from the person itself
→ Rehabilitation is more about efforts of criminal justice authorities, there is even agency of the
person
▪ Self-motivated participation of or passive compliance from the offender

- First step ~ seeds for successfull reintegration (hence arrow from reintegration to rehabilitation)
▪ Rehabilitation fuels reintegration

- Resocialization, reclassification (Grootaert, 2016), correctional rehabilitation, reform (< psychological
interventions ~ personality, also other interventions ~ 'moral character', f.i. education)

- Broad: processes and practices that aim at the successful reintegration of those who have offended (McNeill
& Graham, 2019; see further)

2.3 Reentry

- The moment of release (Dünkel et al., 2019; Owens, 2015; Visher, 2015)
▪ So, it’s a moment
- ≠ intervention strategies or programs (Gideon & Sung, 2010)
▪ So, doesn’t really refer to these things
- Physical relocation (Gideon & Sung, 2010)
▪ physical dimension: universal
▪ social and psychological demands ~ individual
- Should be accompanied by proper supervision

, 2.4 Reintegration

- Begins after reentry: continuation of rehabilitation process and underpins the reentry process → functional
dimension of reentry (Gideon & Sung, 2010)
▪ Reentry process = vicious circle

- Establishing, reconnecting and/or maintaining social relations in the community → social dimension of
reentry (Dünkel et al., 2019; Visher, 2015)
▪ Also being accepted as a valuable person of society, the change that the person made is also accepted
by others
▪ BUT it’s not easy to find a balance between working on themselves and how can I contribute to society

- Symbolic element of moral inclusion after (physical) reentry into society (Maruna, 2006)

- Not easy → Continuous struggle to “make good” (Maruna, 2001)
▪ Maintained by the interaction between correctional authorities and the returning ex-offender
(~ supervision, control) (Gideon & Sung, 2010)
▪ Supported by the individual’s family and community (~ support) (McNeill & Graham, 2019)

2.5 Resettlement

- Comprises the whole process including release preparation within prison, probation, and aftercare (Dünkel et
al., 2019; Griffiths et al., 2007; Maguire et al., 2002)
▪ So it’s about the entire process, before release → Where release is being prepared (like detention plans)
→ Probation → Reentry process → Aftercare

→ Release preparation
= From first day in prison (or even before…), and intensification prior to release
→ Probation/parole/release
Through-care
= Continuation of support and supervision (often under license or compulsory)
→ Aftercare/voluntary throughcare
= Voluntary, support and supervision at request of offenders/prisoners

- Surveillance & supervision are part of the process not goals, thus subordinated to the overall aim of the social
reintegration of offenders (Dünkel et al., 2019)

3. Offender?

- Person who has commited crime (adults)
▪ Offender reintegration?
▪ After crime and punishment?
▪ Returning, citizens, formerly incarcerated individuals... (Jackl, 2021)

3.1 Conceptualising rehabilitation

- Four forms of rehabilitative processes that aim at four forms of reintegration (McNeill, 2012, McNeill &
Graham, 2020)
▪ It’s difficult to disentangle these four processes from each other because they are interconnected

- Interdependent and interrelated processes and outcomes but need disentanglement to be more clearly
understood

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