Samenvatting
Samenvatting Filmgeschiedenis 1
- Instelling
- Universiteit Antwerpen (UA)
Samenvatting van het vak filmgeschiedenis van het eerste semester
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Samenvatting Geschiedenis van de lm 1Inleiding
Entertainment voor cinema: freak shows, fantasmagorie, pano-/dioramas,…
Verschillende technieken voor cinema:
- Menselijk oog kan beweging waarnemen wanneer verschillende beelden snel achter elkaar
worden getoond.
- Fenakistoscoop: phenac = bedrieger; lichtnawerking
- Zoetrope
- Mogelijkheid om meerdere beelden op een oppervlakte te tonen. - magische lantaarn kon er
maar een paar tonen en dat ging ook niet rap genoeg
- De mogelijkheid om fotogra e te gebruiken voor opeenvolgende beelden op een heldere
achtergrond
- Foto’s moeten op een exibele basis geprint worden zodat ze snel door de camera kunnen. -
camera rol
- Need of an intermittent mechanism between camera and projector
Muybridge: running horses —> Zoöpraxiscoop
Marey: (Inspired by Muybridge; ight of birds) Build a box-type camera that used an intermittent
mechanism to expose a series of photographs on a strip of paper lm at speeds up to 120
frames/second. —> Chronofotogra e
Emile Reynaud: project with lantern and mirrors (Praxinoscoop = sort of zoetrope)
—> Beelden op transparante gelatine met zilverhaliden; strook met perforaties
Kodak: new cameras and paper roll lm (100 instant pictures)
1. Edison en Kinetoscoop
Thomas Edison and his assistant Dickson (who did most of the work)
- Invented phonograph and electric light bulb
- In 1888 decides to design a machine for making and showing moving photographs
—> 1891: Kinetograph camera + Kinetoscope viewing box (created a standard format)
So they had a camera and a projector but… no lms! So what do you do then? That’s right, you
build a small studio in new Jersey and you make lms yourself. Of course you give it a super cool
name, like Black Maria…
—> Typical for Black Maria studio: black background and sunlight coming through from the roof
—> Films of 20 seconds, machine couldn’t take longer (Themes: sports or performances;
Annabelle Serpentine Dance; bodybuilder)
—> Kinetoscope parlor: exhibition to use phonographs and later kinetoscopes.
Eerst peepshows in USA, daarna gaat hij nieuwe hallen (om)bouwen om lms te vertonen met
grote regelmaat, ook a ches uithangen met programma. —> Vitascope Hall 1898
2. Lumière Frères en Cinématographe
Louis and Auguste Lumière invented a project system that helped make the cinema a
commercially viable enterprise internationally.
—> Family company ‘Lumière Frères’ based in Lyon: biggest European manufacturer of
photographic plates.
—> Designed the ‘Cinématographe’ when a local exhibitor asked them to make cheaper short
lms then Edison.
- Uses 35mm lm
- Has an intermittent mechanism modeled on that of the sewing machine
- Serve as a printer with positive copies
- Uses a magic lantern (part of the projector)
- 16 frames/second <> 46 frames/second (Edison)
- Human eye sees movement by 16 frames/second, so that’s enough
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, - Becomes the international lm speed for 20 years
- First lm: Workers Leaving the Factory 1895
Inspired by the others, people in the USA started to create their own cameras and projectors,
there were 3 rival groups:
- The Latham Group: not very successful (their projector casts a dim image), but added a loop
allowing much longer lms to be made!
- Jenkins and Armat with their ‘Phantoscope’: also dim and unsteady projection, so they split
up and Armat improved the projector —> Vitascope. Edison admitted it was better then his so
he would supply lms for it, it was now called Edison’s Vitascope.
- Casler and his ‘Mutoscope’, which is a ip-card device. He worked together with his friend
Dickson (who split up with Edison) and other partners is the American Mutoscope Company
and became the most popular lm company in the USA. (Sharper and larger images, because
of 70mm lm)
So the invention of cinema was largely completed by 1897, by two principal means of exhibition:
- Peepshow devices for individual viewers
- Projection systems for audiences
Lumières Frères didn’t wanted to exploit their Cinématographe (sell it), so they send
representatives all over the world to show their lms => history of cinema in many nations started
with the Cinématographe.
The representatives also started shooting in these countries and one of them originated
the moving camera by placing the tripod into a boat in Venice.
The spread of cinema increased when the Lumières did started to sell their Cinématographe.
3. Georges Méliès, magician of the cinema
He was a magician and after seeing the Lumière Cinématographe he decided to add lms to his
show. But they didn’t sell yet so he got a projector from R. W. Paul and made his own camera.
- Fantasy movies, camera tricks (stop-motion e ects) and painted scenery
- First trick lm: The Vanishing Lady 1896 —> stopping the camera and replace by skeleton
- Built a small glass-enclosed studio
- Cinderella in 1899 he began joining multiple shots and selling them as one lm
- Most famous lm: A Trip to the Moon 1902 (showing the same scene from di erent positions)
- Very good at editing scenes
4. Brighton School - England
Founders of the British lm industry:
- R. W. Paul was asked to make some extra machines of the Edison Kinetoscope because it was
really popular in the parlors. Paul could do that because Edison had not patented his
Kinetoscope outside of the USA. But Edison did only sell his lms to people who leased his
machines, soooo Pauly wauly had to built a camera as well and make lms of his own.
—> Paul had a partner named Birt Acres: after making lms together they split up. Paul went on
improving the camera and Acres wanted to create a projector. (Projector with start-stop
mechanism)
- Cecil Hepworth was the most important British producer. He started on small scale but later
directed trick lms as well.
—> Alice in Wonderland + How it feels to be run over (shocking experience) + Explosion of a
motor car (memorable British trick lm) + Rescued by Rover (huge nancial succes)
- Brighton School:
G. A. Smith and James Williamson were photographers who branched into lmmaking, they
explored special e ects and editing and so inspired other lmmakers in other countries. They
were so good because they were very inventive and creative. They built small studios that opened
at one side to admit sunlight.
—> Williamson: Stop Thief! (One of the rst chase- lms) + The Big Swallow (great cuts)
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