Williams O.C. Final Exam Questions with Correct Solutions | Graded A+

Who first introduced the concept of white collar crime? a. Philip Stinson b. Michael Cosentino c. Edwin Sutherland d. Henry Pontell - c. Edwin Sutherland The concept of white collar crime was introduced to call attention to the fact that ___ a. Crimes committed in the workplace result in more losses than traditional crime like burglary b. Crimes are committed by individuals in all professions c. Crimes are committed by individuals of all social and economic classes d. Crimes are committed only by institutions - c. Crimes are committed by individuals of all social and economic classes What role does ones job play in defining white collar crime? a. The crime is committed during the course of one's job? b. The crime is committed to steal from the company or employer c. The offender's job is not related to the crime d. The offenders occupation requires working in a group - a. The crime is committed during the course of one's job? What involves reviewing official records, reports, and other documents in a study of white collar crime? a. Archival research b. Case studies c. Experiments d. Analysis - a. Archival research Who is typically surveyed in white collar crime studies? a. Justice officials b. Coworkers c. A victim's neighbor d. The offender's previous employer - a. Justice officials From his study of white collar crime, criminologist Michael Levi concluded that? a. Cases of white collar crime are used as entertainment stories in the media rather than taken seriously b. White collar crime offenders are given more leniency in the courts compared to traditional criminals c. An ethical work climate leads to fewer white collar crime offenses d. Structural changes in economic policies promote individual greed - a. Cases of white collar crime are used as entertainment stories in the media rather than taken seriously What was founded in the 1990's as a response to the rarity of experimental study in white collar crime? a. The Journal of Experimental Criminology b. The Academy of Experimental Criminology c. The White Collar Crime Experimental Database d. The Journal of Research on White Collar Crime - b. The Academy of Experimental Criminology Frank Cullen used the ___ method when researching the Ford Pinto Case a. Case study b. Archival research c. Media reports d. Field research - a. Case study Which of the following contains the five principles necessary to study white collar crime from a scientific perspective? a. Objectivity, parsimony, reasoning, skepticism, verifiability b. Relativism, determinism, verifiability, parsimony, reliability c. Objectivity, parsimony, determinism, skepticism, relativism d. Verifiability, determinism, objectivity, skepticism, parsimony - c. Objectivity, parsimony, determinism, skepticism, relativism What surprising conclusion did criminologists Benson and Moore come to about white collar crime offenders? a. Offenders are not primarily motivated by greed b. Other employees often look the other way if they know their colleague is committing a crime c. Employers often do not take white collar crime seriously and fail to implement strict prevention policies, making it easy and tempting for possible offenders d. Offenders often have a desire to be caught - a. Offenders are not primarily motivated by greed What occurs when two people come to different conclusions about whether an incident is a white collar crime? a. Cognitive ambiguity b. Policy ambiguity c. Conceptual ambiguity d. Legal ambiguity - c. Conceptual ambiguity Regarding methodological ambiguity, for what was Sutherland's research white collar crime specifically criticized? a. His research was conducted in a manner that met standard and guidelines at the time b. His research focused too much on the lower class, white his definition focused more on the upper class c. His research was no strong enough or specific enough on which to base any laws d. His research did not offer any methods for preventing crime in the workplace - b. His research focused too much on the lower class, white his definition focused more on the upper class Which type of criticism abasing Sutherlands definition of white collar crime was said to have created a disconnect between those studying white collar crime and those responding to white collar crime? a. Legal ambiguity b. Methodological ambiguity c. Conceptual ambiguity - d. Policy ambiguity In Criminal Behavior Systems, Clinard and Quinney divide white collar crime into two types of separate crime: a. Corporate crimes as crime by the corporation and occupational crime as crimes against the corporation b. Occupational crime as crimes by the corporation and corporate crimes as crimes against the corporation c. White collar crime as moral or ethical violations and white collar crime as violations of criminal or civil law d. Organizational crimes by corporations and state authority crimes by the government - a. Corporate crimes as crime by the corporation and occupational crime as crimes against the corporation The Exxon Valdez shipwreck caused extreme damage to the environment and resulted in billions of dollars in fines and is an example of ___ a. A violation of regulatory law b. A moral or ethical violation c. A violation of civil law d. Social harm - c. A violation of civil law Employees taking a sick day when they are not actually sick is an example of? a. Workplace deviance b. Social harm c. Moral or ethical violations d. Violations of regulatory laws - a. Workplace deviance Which of the following is NOT a problem with the statistics published by the NIBRS? a. Not everyone agrees that the crimes are white collar crimes b. Many cases are not only reported to regulatory agencies, not to law enforcement c. The research definition of white collar crime that is used to conduct studies does not agree with the definition used to collect statistics d. Not all victims report the crimes - c. The research definition of white collar crime that is used to conduct studies does not agree with the definition used to collect statistics Sutherland defined what as the most general characteristic of white collar crime? a. Violation of trust b. The large number of victims c. The large economic loss d. Violation of natural law - a. Violation of trust