Samenvatting & uitwerking van alle mogelijke examenvragen voor het volledige vak Bio-ethics (18/20): Dit is een compacte samenvatting van het vak 'Bio-ethics', 1e Master Biomedische Wetenschappen aan de UA (schooljaar 2022/2023). Met volledig uitgewerkte antwoorden voor alle mogelijke vragen die op...
Different professor and guest lecturers give lectures. One questions usually handles a subject from the
introduction, another question is about one of the guest lectures, a third question asks you to describe
3 concepts. All questions are given before the exam.
Exam questions
1. What are the four principles of biomedical ethics as described by Beauchamp and Childress? On which
moral theories are they based? Are they absolute principles? Explain with an example. (INTRO)
2. Assuming an utilitarian viewpoint, what would you consider to be an ideal patenting system?
(GASTLES PATENTING)
3. Begrippen (max 4 regels)
a. Veil of ignorance (INTRO)
b. Scientific paradigm (Kuhn) (INTRO)
c. Speciesism (GASTLES ANIMAL ETHICS)
1. What Aristotle understood ethics as a philosophical discipline?
2. A common argument in favor of more rights for animals is that we have no rational and objective
criterion to give people a higher moral status than animals. Those who do
it themselves 'speciesism'
guilty. What does this anti-speciesism (AS) argument exactly? What could possibly be leveled
against? What do you think about it? "
3. Autonomy, ...
1. Moral subjects you may not see as means, but you have to consider as an
end in itself ", please explain why this formulation of the categorical imperative expresses the essence of
Kant's ethics of duty. What is the role of Kant's ethics in current bioethics ?
2. If a doctor determines a routine examination which the genetic material
of a person has a deficiency of which it currently is not certain that this condition can be treated in the
future (not yet), what ethical considerations can then play a role in determining whether this whether or
not the person should be notified?
3. speciesism, Line-utilitisme, trans-humanism
,Exam June 2019
1) What does the Greek word ‘phronesis’ refer to? How is this virtue-ethical concept useful to
complement deontology and utilitarianism?
2) Discuss critically diffferent ethical questions and approaches to conservation of biodiversity.
3) Explain the following principles:
a. Veil of ignorance
b. Futility illusion
c. Hedonism
Exam June 2022
1. Environmental justice
2. Concepts: bikini medicine, prima facie principles, non-ideal theory
3. Should we use animals to test treatments like chemotherapy (treatments of which we know for sure
they are toxic)
, Examenvragen Bio-ethics
1) Introduction to ethics:
Explain:
1. Theoretical philosophy
People ask themselves: what are human beings, What is the world and What is the universe.
Since modernity exact sciences have taken much of this domain, but theoretical philosophy
is still important.
Critical reflection on many questions in science and try to clarify them
o Eg: scientific knowledge: when is something scientific?
Scientific when sufficient empirical proof?
Some concepts may never be proved empirically
Those concepts float in a place where the distinction between
philosophy and exact science blurs
2. Practical philosophy
Disciplines such as ethics, political philosophy and social philosophy
People think about questions of politics and power, structures and ideologies (eg: capitalism,
democracy, colonization, communism, patriarchy…), the origins and essence of a society
and the relation between individual and social structure.
3. Ethics
In philosophy one central question can be asked: “how should one live?”. This question is
linked to the basis of good and evil, moral norms and values, the good life and the
organization of a just society.
Today ethics is mostly about the study and search for the principles that are the foundation
of norms and values
Branch of philosophy that deals with morality on different levels
o Two non-normative branches
Descriptive ethics → morality approached from social science,
psychology and cultural anthropology
, Metaethics → why are human beings moral and how are they moral
Look at history of social science or biology to understand
o Two normative branches
General normative ethics → which kind of behavior is good or bad
Applied ethics → questions asked in specific contexts
Specific moral dilemmas from specific subdomains of human
action are analysed and specified
Reflection on morality, with many dimensions associated with types of moral reflection and
moral theories
4. Thought experiment
A thought experiment is a hypothetical situation in which a hypothesis, theory, or principle is
laid out for the purpose of thinking through its consequences.
Fictional cases with which one tries to test or bring to the fore certain philosophical intuitions
Seem far-fetched, but they help us solve dilemmas closer to home
Modern physics often started from thought experiments
5. Experimental philosophy
Questioning the function of thought experiments and the philosophical intuitions they are
thought to invoke →Demonstration that philosophical intuitions can differ between cultures
Values and thoughts that have forms the gist of Western philosophy may be less
universal than previously thought
6. Morality
The principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior.
A social institution with a history of its own and a code of rules and principles based on a
fundamental notion of good and evil
acquired through education, habit and culture and by which people’s acts and
judgements are guided → collective given
7. Egoistic prudence
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