BIO 220 QUIZ 3 GCU TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ 2024 LATEST UPDATE

Genetic Diversity measures variety of different versions of same genes within a species Species Diversity measures number of different kinds of organisms within a community Brainpower Read More Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:00 Full screen Ecological Diversity measures richness and complexity of a community Fragmentation/cloning - aspens less genetic diversity Species Richness total number of species in a community Species Evenness relative abundance of individuals within each species Reproductive isolation organisms that breed in nature and produce fertile offspring Phylogenetic species concept emphasizes the branches on a taxonomic tree (e.g., cladistics relationships) Evolutionary species concept defines species in terms of evolution and historic terms Benefits of biodiversity -Multiple food sources, more genetic variation, health of the biosphere -food and medicine/pharmaceutical companies Ecological Benefits Soil formation, waste disposal, air and water purification, nutrient cycling, solar energy absorption, and biogeochemical and hydrological cycles all depend on biodiversity. Endangered Species Act (ESA) Established in 1973 Endangered are those considered in imminent danger of extinction. Threatened are those likely to become endangered, at least locally, in the near future. Vulnerable are those that are naturally rare or have been locally depleted to a level that puts them at risk. Threatened Species likely to become endangered, at least locally, in the near future. Vulnerable Species naturally rare or have been locally depleted to a level that puts them at risk. Keystone species species has major effect on other members of community (bison) Indicator species tied to specific communities or successional stages (brook trout) Umbrella species require large blocks of undisturbed habitat (northern spotted owl) Flagship species attractive organisms to which people react emotionally (giant panda) Gap analysis seeks out unprotected landscapes rich in species Habitat Protection first principle Protect enough habitat for viability of all native species in a given region Habitat Protection second principle Manage at regional scale large enough to accommodate natural disturbances Habitat Protection third principle Plan over a period of centuries for the evolution of the ecosystem Habitat Protection forth principle Allow for human use at a level that does not result in significant ecological degradation Primary Succession A community begins to develop on a site previously unoccupied by living organisms. Example: A lava flow creates a new land area that is colonized. The first colonists are termed pioneer species. Secondary Succession an existing community is disrupted and a new one subsequently develops at the site Climax community community that develops last and remains the longest disturbance any force that disrupts established patterns of species diversity and abundance, community structure, or community properties, e.g., storms, fires, logging. When reintroducing animals, we have learned that -Herbivores are more successfully established than carnivores •Larger founder populations are more successful •Habitat suitability is important •Increased number and sizes of clutches (litters) enhances success of establishment •Competing species in an area may prevent successful establishment Island biogeography theory Since the remaining habitat begins to resemble an island, the ideas of island biogeography theory are applied to them. Core interior composed of dense, intensely hot metal, mostly iron. Generates magnetic field enveloping the earth. Mantle hot, pliable layer surrounding the core. Less dense than core. Crust cool, lightweight, brittle outermost layer. Floats on top of mantle Convection currents Currents move apart from each other in opposite direction then cool and sink back down into the mantle. But when the currents reach the bottom of the Crust the hot mantle material rises onto the crust and creates new crust. Tectonic Plates the earth's crust is broken into a number of pieces (plates) that move around the middle mantle Mid-ocean ridges magma rises into the centers of the ridges from the mantle below, hardens, and creates new seafloor. And pushes the two sides of the ridge away from each other. These structures form ridges due to the thermal expansion of the rising magma as it cools. Faults where two plates are fighting for their place and cause earthquakes Subduction When an oceanic plate collides with a continental landmass, the continental plate will ride up over the seafloor and the oceanic plate will subduct down into the mantle where it melts Earthquakes caused by grinding and jerking as plates slide past each other Minerals naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or compound with a definite chemical composition and regular internal crystal structure rock solid, cohesive, aggregate of one or more minerals Rock Cycle cycle of creation, destruction, and metamorphosis Igneous fire-formed Sedimentary subjected to various atmospheric processes, such as wind and precipitation, which serve to turn solid rock into its constituent mineral particles and is then called sediment. The sediment is then eroded and transported by water, wind, or ice, and eventually comes to a rest where it is then turned to stone, or lithified, through compaction and cementation Metamorphic changed rocks Mechanical weathering physical breakup of rocks into smaller particles without a change in chemical composition Chemical weathering selective removal or alteration of specific components that leads to weakening and disintegration of rock Sedimentation deposition of particles of rock transported by wind, water, ice, and gravity until they come to rest in a new location Oxidation the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with air Hydrolysis the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. Placer Mining hydraulically washing out metals deposited in streambed gravel by using water cannons to blast away stream beds (Destroys streambeds and fills water with suspended solid)