History of Rock Final Exam Questions and Answers Solved

History of Rock Final Exam Questions and Answers Solved What was doo wop an outgrowth of - a capella gospel quartet tradition Which famous bands started out as doo wop bands - Drifters, the Miracles, the Four Tops, Sam Cooke Famous white songwriters who catered to black artists - Jerry Lieber and Mike Stoller Who did Chuck Berry idolize? - Louis Jordan What did chuck berry sing about - teenage concerns what did chuck berry do for rock and roll - helped establish the electric guitar as the preeminent rock and roll instrument what did chuck berry add for rock and roll - guitar double-stops and bending Buddy Holly's band - the Crickets Buddy Holly's producer - Norman Petty important techniques used in Peggy Sue by Buddy Holly - boogification, changing the notes and rhythms in each of the verses, changing the timbre of his voice in each verse, producing sound back in his throat and chest what did Buddy Holly experiment with - overdubbing with the song Words of Love Who died along with Buddy Holly in the 1959 plane crash? - Ritchie Valens and disc jockey the Big Bopper famous teen idols - Fabian, Frankie Avalon, Paul Anka what were teen idols designed to symbolize? - sweet, unthreatening, white boys What did teen idols prove to music producers? - rock is a star system what else did teen idols do to rock - re-segregate it Payola - the exchanging of favors, money, gifts for playing songs on the radio, vital for independents, government went after major disc jockeys for this Famous girl groups - Shirelles, Dixie Cups, Supremes, Ronettes, Shangri-Las 4 things that distinguished sound of girl groups - 1. beautiful quartet harmony singing 2. conversational style that modeled "girl talk" and lyrical themes that concerned lives of girls 3. matched with the songwriting of the Brill building composers 4. ambitious production style of producers like Phil Spector Brill Building - building in new york that housed a number of music producers that catered to the rock and roll industry famous brill building composers - Gerry Goffin and Carole King, Ellie Greenwich and Jeff Barry, Neil Diamond, Neil Sedaka what did Brill Building composers gear their songs towards - teenage issues Who was Will You Love Me Tomorrow composed by? - Gerry Goffin and Carole King What did Phil Spector do - changed the role of the producer by claiming greater artistic license and succeeding on a commercial level Phil Spector's sound - wall of sound How did spector create the wall of sound - by using overdubbing technologies to create massed string orchestras, thunderous percussion, and choirs of voices example of the wall of sound - Be My Baby by the Ronettes What did Holland Dozier Holland produce that was so successful - Sound of Young America What sound did Holland Dozier Holland create - the hot mix why did HDH create the hot mix - they emphasized very high and very low sounds to avoid the murky midrange because most people first heard songs through their car radios Skiffle - reinterpreted version of American folk music with a strong beat, played on homemade instruments biggest skiffle star and his song - Lonnie Donegan, Rock Island Line record requested to Brian Epstein that got him to work with the beatles - My Bonnie Who were the Beatles signed by - Parlophone, a subsidiary of EMI Beatles' first hit single and its album - Please Please Me, Please Please Me first view Americans had of the Beatles - Ed Sullivan Show, February 7, 1964 Rolling Stones band members - Mick Jagger, Brian Jones, Bill Wyman, Keith Richards, Charlie Watts Rolling Stones' manager - Andrew Oldham What were The Who first marketed as - the companion band to the Mod movement what were the Who known for - the high volume of their shows Who were the Kinks led by - Ray and Dave Davies first movie by the beatles - A Hard Day's Night Who began to influence the Beatles' music - Bob Dylan What did the success of the Beatles lead to - rise of many middle class garage bands what greatly influenced garage bands - british invasion famous blues record company - Chess Records what did the Rolling stones especially like - Chicago electric Blues (chess records) who did british rockers cover a lot - Willie Dixon British blues revival - british bands trying to play American blues; argument by Wald- Stones and Zeppelin tap into the idea of the blues as being dark; Wald argues that the blues are not alienated and not sad how was rock more individual than blues - blues community based music, no solos; rock, lots of solos How did Clapton change the blues - put more of an emphasis on modernist bluster What did Hendrix do to traditional black blues music - stretched the boundaries of the African-American blues tradition contradiction of British blues revival - one one hand, british blues revivalists often appropriated blues lyrics and riffs without crediting or paying royalties to the original artists; on other hand, helped revive interest in the original artists who became the top stadium rock group of the 70s - led zeppelin who was Rolling Stone started by - Jaan Wenner famous rock critics - Greil Marcus and Lester Bangs What did rock critics oppose - commercialism of heavy metal; were guardians of romantic aesthetic idealism in popular music what role did rock critics play - played a role in counteracting the discourses of commercialism in the popualr press what type of music did rock critics promote - velvet underground, iggy pop, garage bands; promoted rock bands that avoided banal love lyrics and cookie-cutter music what forms of music began to emerge in the 70s - hybrid forms form of music used often by bands in the 1970s; example of it - compound aaba; whole lotta love Black Sabbath band memberes - Ozzy osbourne, tony iommi, geezer butler, bill ward who paved the way for the heavy metal guitar style - Hendrix and Cream's heavy blues approach Hendrix's innovations on the guitar - vibrato bar, distortion, wah-wah pedal Waksman: Black Sound, Black Body - Hendrix couldn't shake his black stereotype; he retreated to his own studio so that he could become invisible and remove himself from the demands of the stereotyping public; Hendrix yearned for a desire to be heard, not seen, listened to, not watched Honky tonk - sub-genre of country that was popular in the 50s and 60s; Hank Williams, Ernest Tubb, Lefty Frizzell, Hank Snow what was known as real country - honky tonk themes of honky tonk - painful love, painful work, alcohol, memories, loneliness, us vs them music of honkytonk - electric and steel guitar, bass, drums, piano, fiddle; intended as dance music, twangy vocal timbres honky tonks - dimly lit bars where southern migrants could go for relief what did critics of honkytonk argue - honky tonk as an idealized home space jensen's argument about honkytonk - the hominess of the honky-tonk metaphorically stadns in for the lost idealized home of the rural american mountain life utopia fm radio - formated radio- radio programming of particular stations as all one genre or style producers who helped create the Nashville sound - Chet Akins, Owen Bradley, Don Law Nashville sound - pedal steel removed and replaced by lush strings; lots of echo and reverb on voice; oohing and ahhing of background vocalists; Jensen and authenticity - concept of authenticity is a cultural construction, country music since the carters is only as pure as what it is compared against; anything can be authenticated if sold cleverly enough; genre boundaries matter to consumers and marketers because they are bound up with categories of race, class, and region Ray charles's first hit - I've got a woman Ray charles's first hit - I've got a woman What I'd say - replicated call and response between preacher and congregation common in black churches What I'd say - replicated call and response between preacher and congregation common in black churches artists who made transition from gospel to pop - Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Aretha Franklin artists who made transition from gospel to pop - Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Aretha Franklin effect of british invasion on black pop - British invasion killed careers of many black artists effect of british invasion on black pop - British invasion killed careers of many black artists similarity between British invasion and 1950s rock bands - both played music inspired or derived from black musical styles similarity between British invasion and 1950s rock bands - both played music inspired or derived from black musical styles Motown records - independent record label founded in Detroit, huge commercial success; appealed to white audiences, accused of selling out Motown records - independent record label founded in Detroit, huge commercial success; appealed to white audiences, accused of selling out who was motown founded by - berry gordy who was motown founded by - berry gordy successful song produced by Gordy that modeled brill building style - Please Mr. Postman successful song produced by Gordy that modeled brill building style - Please Mr. Postman Where did Gordy find the most commercial success - crossover records from rhythm and blues to pop Where did Gordy find the most commercial success - crossover records from rhythm and blues to pop first hitmaker for Motown - the Miracles first hitmaker for Motown - the Miracles Gordy's songwriting production team - Holland/Dozier/Holland Gordy's songwriting production team - Holland/Dozier/Holland how did gordy treat music production? - like an assembly line how did gordy treat music production? - like an assembly line bassist who provided bass lines to the most successful motown hits - James Jamerson bassist who provided bass lines to the most successful motown hits - James Jamerson Berry Gordy and artist development - created positive, clean-cut image for his young black performers; created charm school for his artists Berry Gordy and artist development - created positive, clean-cut image for his young black performers; created charm school for his artists Stax label - founded in Memphis by Jim Stewart; presented authentic version of southern soul music to the world Stax label - founded in Memphis by Jim Stewart; presented authentic version of southern soul music to the world backing band for the Stax Label - Booker T and the MGs backing band for the Stax Label - Booker T and the MGs artist who helped bring attention to the Stax sound - Otis Redding artist who helped bring attention to the Stax sound - Otis Redding what helped bring attention to southern soul music - Otis Redding's appearance at the Monterey Pop festival in the summer of 1967 what helped bring attention to southern soul music - Otis Redding's appearance at the Monterey Pop festival in the summer of 1967 contradiction of stax vs motown - stax was considered more black than motown, but motown was a black owned company and stax was white owned contradiction of stax vs motown - stax was considered more black than motown, but motown was a black owned company and stax was white owned 2 parts of folk revival - 1. traditionalist, acoustic style with young urban performers attempting to replicate earlier folk styles 2. folk rock 2 parts of folk revival - 1. traditionalist, acoustic style with young urban performers attempting to replicate earlier folk styles 2. folk rock early successful folk revival artists - Kingston trio and joan baez early successful folk revival artists - Kingston trio and joan baez first pop hit of folk revival - Tom Dooley by the Kingston trio first pop hit of folk revival - Tom Dooley by the Kingston trio where did the folk revival take place - Greenwich village where did the folk revival take place - Greenwich village Shank's article - becoming a rock star versus a symbolic figure in a musical and political movement Shank's article - becoming a rock star versus a symbolic figure in a musical and political movement song that became the civil rights anthem of the 1960s - we shall overcome song that became the civil rights anthem of the 1960s - we shall overcome who was dylan obsessed with - Woody guthrie and little richard who was dylan obsessed with - Woody guthrie and little richard what did dylan listen to - Anthology of American folk music what did dylan listen to - Anthology of American folk music Shank on dylan - "lonesome death of Hattie carroll" suggests sadness, resignation, ambivalence about injustice Shank on dylan - "lonesome death of Hattie carroll" suggests sadness, resignation, ambivalence about injustice Filene on Dylan - dylan left the folk revival because of expectations of him being a prophet, with vietnam, he became more cynical about songs changing the world, experimentation with drugs and meeting his heroes caused him to take a more experimental approach, and his love of rock and roll Filene on Dylan - dylan left the folk revival because of expectations of him being a prophet, with vietnam, he became more cynical about songs changing the world, experimentation with drugs and meeting his heroes caused him to take a more experimental approach, and his love of rock and roll Shank on Dylan - dylan's move to rock demonstrated his understanding that minstrelsy is the central paradigm of American popular music Shank on Dylan - dylan's move to rock demonstrated his understanding that minstrelsy is the central paradigm of American popular music Filene on dylan - dylan going electric represented a transmutation, not an abdication of the folk stylist role Filene on dylan - dylan going electric represented a transmutation, not an abdication of the folk stylist role hippie aesthetic - rock shifted from emphasis on single to the album; rock shifted from music for dancing to music for listening hippie aesthetic - rock shifted from emphasis on single to the album; rock shifted from music for dancing to music for listening who started Rolling Stone - Jaan Werner who started Rolling Stone - Jaan Werner two most famous rock critics - Greil Marcus and Lester Bangs two most famous rock critics - Greil Marcus and Lester Bangs rock critics - guardians of romantic idealism in popular music; promoted what they believed lived up to the ideology of rock and roll; promoted groups that avoided banal love lyrics and cookie-cutter music rock critics - guardians of romantic idealism in popular music; promoted what they believed lived up to the ideology of rock and roll; promoted groups that avoided banal love lyrics and cookie-cutter music who created ambient - Brian Eno who created ambient - Brian Eno what did black pop blend elements from - country and western with black rhythm and blues what did black pop blend elements from - country and western with black rhythm and blues first disco hit - Soul Makossa by Manu Dibango first disco hit - Soul Makossa by Manu Dibango how did disco become mainstream - Saturday night fever how did disco become mainstream - Saturday night fever what did disco cause the return of - the return of the importance of the producer what did disco cause the return of - the return of the importance of the producer progressive country - subgenre of texas country; redneck rock, harder country; willie nelson, david allen coe, hank williams jr progressive country - subgenre of texas country; redneck rock, harder country; willie nelson, david allen coe, hank williams jr country rock - more "down-home" music, reaction against excesses of psychedelia country rock - more "down-home" music, reaction against excesses of psychedelia differences between country rock and country - country rock lacked the twang and lyrics were somewhat looser differences between country rock and country - country rock lacked the twang and lyrics were somewhat looser what album was a huge success in the us in the 1970s - Frampton comes alive what album was a huge success in the us in the 1970s - Frampton comes alive early punk bands - sex pistols, the damned, the buzzcocks, the clash early punk bands - sex pistols, the damned, the buzzcocks, the clash american punk bands - iggy pop and the stooges, mc5 american punk bands - iggy pop and the stooges, mc5 new york punk scene - New York Dolls, Patti Smith, Television, ramones, blondie new york punk scene - New York Dolls, Patti Smith, Television, ramones, blondie Alice Cooper and Iggy pop - both played with images of violence and self destruction in the wake of rock's supposed demise Alice Cooper and Iggy pop - both played with images of violence and self destruction in the wake of rock's supposed demise sex pistols #1 album - Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols sex pistols #1 album - Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols punk aesthetic - attack and symplify punk aesthetic - attack and symplify new wave - removed the most negative aspects of punk, conveyed irony and artsy aesthetic characteristics new wave - removed the most negative aspects of punk, conveyed irony and artsy aesthetic characteristics new wave bands - talking heads, cars, devo, b-52s new wave bands - talking heads, cars, devo, b-52s british punk bands that were successful in the united states were modeled after what - new wave model british punk bands that were successful in the united states were modeled after what - new wave model new wave's rejection of the hippie aesthetic - less complex music, shorter songs, sang about teenage romance new wave's rejection of the hippie aesthetic - less complex music, shorter songs, sang about teenage romance Hebdige: subculture: the meaning of style - connection between punk and west Indian culture; allegiance that suggested that punk was a return to politics which used dread as inspiration; punk was translation of black ethnicity: white ethnicity which lacked the teleological salvationist aspirations and remained with deep despair because of england having no future sound system man - entrepreneur who played records through powerful amplifiers from the back of a truck toasting - talking over records, rhyming verses; origin of rap jamaican version of r and b - ska what was ska replaced by? - rock steady what did rock steady lead to - reggae difference between reggae and rhythm and blues - reggae rhythms were more syncopated than rhythm and blues rhythmic structures record company established for reggae for british market - Island Records what was the emphasis on in reggae - the upbeats what brought reggae closer to the mainstream - The Harder they come and Eric Clapton's cover of I shot the sheriff black pop groups - Sly and the Family Stone, Earth Wind and Fire, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye what was parliament recorded on - casablanca records who started Parliament - George Clinton what was clinton's stage character - Dr. Funkenstein first DJ to use an MC for his activities - Kool Herc who was DJ Kool Herc's MC - Coke La Rock who popularized the scratching technique - Grandmaster Flash first rap records - Sugar Hill Records first rap hit - Rapper's delight Def Jam records - formed by Russell Simmons and Rick Rubin, managed top rappers, compared to motown, intended to make rap crossover to white teen audience what brought rap into the pop mainstream - Walk this Way remix by Run-DMC