College aantekeningen
Immune System
- Vak
- Instelling
Includes all lecture notes
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 2 van de 10 pagina's
Voorbeeld 2 van de 10 pagina's
In winkelwagen
In winkelwagen
Verkoper
Volgen
khambkamandeep40
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Introduction to Immune SystemPathogens are varied
How do pathogens get in?
Cuts/ wounds/post-operation -e.g. Staph. aureus
Insect bites – e.g. Sandfly-leishmania, mosquito- malaria
Animal bites- environmental pathogens and rabies
Airborne- e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Food- E.coli & Salmonella
Human behaviour- IV drugs users HIV and hepatitis
Immune System is special
Development of proper immune system is important and costs a lot of energy
They are only cells able to move in and out of any other tissue- essentially they have free rein
Some can survive very long time
o T-cells in blood- can live for up to 9 years
o Plasma cells- make antibodies- can live for decades
Four types of defence
1) Physical barriers
2) Rapid, indiscriminate defences- ‘innate’ immunity
3) Slow, highly targeted defence- ‘adaptive’ immunity
4) Memory
First stage- Physical Barriers
SALIVA
Saliva is essential for chewing, swallowing and talking- also has
important anti-pathogen roles
Contains lot of antimicrobial proteins- including lactoferrin, lysozyme
and smaller active peptides
o Hydrogen peroxide- helps protect against gum disease
o Mucins- prevent pathogenic bacteria getting grip of gums or teeth
Saliva promotes wound healing- cuts in mouth heal much faster than those elsewhere
o Growth factors in saliva promote epithelial cell repair and other mediators such as:
Histatins- encourage cell migration to would site
EAR WAX
Ear wax (cerumen)- made by glands in ear canal and moves gradually towards ear
Traps bacteria, dust and other small particles from entering ear
Wax also contains antimicrobial proteins
o It can kill variety of bacteria (including E.Coli, H Influenzae, S aureus) -up
to 99% effective
o Fungi seen to be inhibited by ear wax
MUCUS
Mucus important to health of tissues- interact with environment- respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and
female reproductive system
Major component of mucus is mucin- large family of glycosylated proteins
, Mucin-containing mucus has many roles:
o Dense- bacteria struggle to get through it and get trapped
o Slippery- they are unable to get foothold on tissue
o Also contains many antimicrobial peptides and proteins – directly kill pathogens
COUGHING and SNEEZING
CILIA
Bronchi contain some cells- coated in small hairs called cilia
Beat in coordinated manner to shift water, mucus and pathogens from surface of cells- allow
them to be coughed up- Mucociliary clearance
Cilia are shortened by cigarette smoke
Summary of physical barriers
1) It’s critical that pathogens are prevented from entering tissue- so many defences are present at interface of body
with environment
2) These include- waterproof, repellent surfaces coated with mucus, wax and hairs
3) These defences are very successful at preventing infection
Innate immunity- antimicrobial peptides
Antimicrobial peptide example of action Innate immunity-cells
In which organs does cellular immunity develop?
Primary lymphoid organs- where immune cells are generated and mature
o Thymus- Site of T cell differentiation and maturation
o Bone marrow- where most immune cells are produced and divide
Secondary lymphoid organs- where immune cells mature and activated
o Lymph nodes- found throughout lymphatic system. Humans are over
200, number varies between people
Multiplication of T and B cells in lymph nodes occurs in response to
infection (swollen glands)
o Spleen- in upper left abdomen. T and B cells are stored here and it can
filter germs in bloodstream
o Peyer’s patches are embedded in small intestine.
Important for generating responses against gut pathogens
Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:
Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews
Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!
In een paar klikken geregeld
Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, Bancontact of creditcard en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.
Focus op de essentie
Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper khambkamandeep40. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €12,64. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 70001 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen