Psychology 110: Exam 3 Questions and Answers 100% Correct

Psychology 110: Exam 3 Questions and Answers 100% Correct Personality - Answer- characteristics, emotional responses, ways individual responds to environment; differs across individuals & relatively consistent across time What are the building blocks of personality? - Answer- Traits! What are 3 theories of personality? - Answer- 1) Biological 2) Developmental- attachment, Freudian, social learning 3) Humanist- we differ in our choices, goals, potential Trait - Answer- characteristic or stable pattern of thought, feeling, behavior; building blocks of personality (structuralist notion) Trait approach - Answer- approach to studying personality that focuses on how individuals differ in personality dispositions Five-factor theory - Answer- -DESCRIPTIVE THEORY!!!! idea that personality can be described using 5 factors: openness to experience, conscientious, agreeableness, extraversion, and neuroticism Big 5: OCEAN of personality - Answer- *openness to experience*:imaginative vs. down to earth, variety vs routine, independent vs conforming *conscientiousness*: organized v disorganized, careful vs careless, self-disciplines vs. weak-willed *agreeableness*: softhearted vs ruthless, trusting vs. suspicious, helpful vs. uncooperative *extraversion*: social vs retiring, fun-loving vs sober, affectionate vs reserved *neuroticism*: worried vs calm, insecure vs secure, self-pitying vs. self-satisfied When would we use the BIG 5? - Answer- - when describing others-especially those we aren't close to -when describing ourselves -these dimensions found across cultures! What was Hippocrates' influence on theories of personality? - Answer- -first person to lay out a theory -thought balance of 4 "humours" in body responded to 4 personality types: Theory of Temperamentum Hippocrates' Theory of Temperamentum - Answer- -black bile: melancholy/sad -yellow bile: choleric/angry -phlegm: phlegmatic/lethargic -blood: sanguine/cheerful Why was the Theory of Temperamentum significant? - Answer- 1) thought people differed in categorical ways 2) thought this had a biological basis 3) led to study of temperament Temperament - Answer- differences in emotional responding that vary across individuals & have biological basis -highly heritable aspect of emotional responding -measured in infancy What are the 3 basic characteristics that can be considered temperaments? - Answer- 1) activity- amount of energy/behavior person exhibits 2) emotionality- intensity of emotional reactions 3) sociability- tendency to affiliate with others Inhibited temperament - Answer- fear/shyness; can be measured in womb Is one's temperament stable? - Answer- YES, but can also change- inhibited can become uninhibited Biological trait theory - Answer- Eysenck -personality traits had 3 major dimensions: introversion/extraversion, emotional stability, constraint -differences in introversion/extraversion due to AROUSABILITY Introversion - Answer- -how shy, reserved, quiet a person is -higher arousability, so they avoid external stimulation (Ex. higher responsiveness in heart rate to same stimulation-seek less) Extraversion - Answer- -how sociable, outgoing, bold person is -low arousability, so they seek external stimulation (Ex. lower heart rate reactivity to stimulation-seek more) Emotional stability - Answer- variability in person's moods & emotions Constraint - Answer- mix of agression, poor impulse control, self-centeredness, lack of empathy (AKA controlling impulses vs not generally controlling them) What did Jeffrey Gray say about personality? - Answer- proposed behavioral approach system (BAS) & behavioral inhibition system (BIS) Behavioral Approach System (BAS) - Answer- brain system involved in pursuit of incentives or rewards Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) - Answer- brain system that's sensitive to punishment & therefore inhibits behavior that might lead to danger or pain How do extraverts relate to BAS & BIS? - Answer- BAS BIS (more sensitive to rewards than punishment) How do introverts relate to BAS & BIS? - Answer- BIS BAS (more sensitive to punishments than rewards) Does the BIG 5 have a genetic basis? - Answer- YES- all 5 traits appear to be heritable, but can still change with environment or over time What do developmental theories of personality stress? - Answer- early childhood environment!!! Attachment Theory - Answer- bonds between infant & caregiver will influence the individual's interaction & social functioning with others throughout lifespan