Focus on Nursing Pharmacology - Amy M. Karch - Chapter 2 Exam with Complete Solutions

Focus on Nursing Pharmacology - Amy M. Karch - Chapter 2 Exam with Complete Solutions Absorption - answerWhat happens to a drug from the time it enters the body until it enters the circulating fluid. Intravenous administration - answerPermit drugs to directly enter the circulating blood, bypassing the many complications of absorption from other routes. Active transport - answerThe movement of substances across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; this process requires the use of energy. Chemotherapeutic agents - answerSynthetic chemicals used to interfere with the functioning of foreign cell populations; also refers to drug therapy affecting any foreign cells in critical concentrations. Critical concentration - answerThe concentration of a drug that must reach the tissues, that respond to the particular drug, in order to cause the desired therapeutic effect. Distribution - answerThe movement of a drug to body tissues; the places where a drug may be distributed depend on the drug's solubility, perfusion of the area, cardiac output, and binding of the drug to plasma proteins. Enzyme induction - answerThe process by which the presence of a chemical that is biotransformed by a particular enzyme system in the liver causes increased activity of that enzyme system. Excretion - answerThe removal of a drug from the body; primarily occurs in the kidneys, but can also occur through the skin, lungs, bile, or feces. First-pass effect - answerA phenomenon in which drugs given orally are carried directly to the liver after absorption where they may be largely inactivated by liver enzymes before they can enter the general circulation. Glomerular filtration - answerThe passage of water and water-soluble components from the plasma into the renal tubule.