BYU MMBIO 221 Final Review – Breakwell Exam Study Guide Top Graded A 2024

Define and describe the physical, chemical, and cellular components of the innate immune response. - Physical factors are barriers to entry or processes that remove microbes from the body's surface The epidermis consists of layers of tightly packed epithelial cells that are periodically shed. (makes up dust) That it is dry makes it inhospitable to microbes. Cebum- unsat fatty acids; inhibit growth of persperation Chemical factors are substances made by the body that inhibit microbial growth or destroy them Sebum forms a protective film Unsaturated fatty acids lower the pH of the skin (pH3-5) and inhibit the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Perspiration contains lysozyme, an enzyme capable of breaking down cell walls of gram-positive bacteria and, to a lesser extent, gram-negative bacteria Physical: physical - mucous membrane, endothelia (deny entry to pathogens) Mechanical - Shed, sweep, peristalsis, flush (remove pathogens from potential sites of infection) Micro-biome - resident bacteria (compete with pathogens for cellular binding sites and nutrients) Chemical: Chemicals and enzymes in body fluid/tissues (Sebum, fatty acids, lysozyme, gastric pH, enzymes and bile, lactoferrin/transferrin; water proof barrier, lower pH, destroys cell walls, inhibit and kill bacteria, iron-binding proteins) Antimicrobial peptides - kill bacteria by attacking membrane Plasma protein mediators - Acute proteins/ complement (inhibit bacterial growth, initiate inflammation) Cytokines - interleukins, chemokines, interferons (stimulate immunity, recruit white blood cells, induce antiviral defense) Inflammation mediators - Histamine (vasodiolation), Leukotrienes (inflammation), Prostaglandins (inflammation and fever) Bradykinin (vasodialation) Cellular: Granulocytes - Netrophils (pagocytic against bacteria); Eosinophils (weak phagocytic); Basophils (proinflammatory) Agranuocytes: Monocytes and macro Describe the role of phagocytes, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances in protecting the human body against infection. - Phagocytes: Defensive cells (white blood cells) Inflammation: it signals an area for a force of phagocytes to locate and fight Fever: increases the temp to kill pathogen Antimicrobial Substances: kill the microbes that are bad Describe how the innate and acquired immune systems are linked. - Macrophages! They help the immune system fulfill their purpose specifically; = Big eater; They clean our bodies of invaders Major players: Neutrophil and macrophage Describe the 4 characteristics of acquired immunity. - RADS Specific: recognize and respond to antigens Diversity (adaptiveness): Can respond to billions of antigens Anamnestic (memory): recall previous contact Recognition: can differentiate between self and others Define antigen, complete antigen, hapten, and antigenic determinant. - Antigen: Toxin or other foreign substance that creates an immune response in the body; signals antibody production Complete antigen: composed of macromolecular carrier and epitopes (determinants) that can induce immune response Hapten: Antigens that are only immunogenic when attached to a protein carrier. Antigenic determinant: parts of antigen that are recognized by immune system Explain the roles of MHC proteins. - Allow T Cells to distinguish self from non self. - unique to each person - Type I or Type II (found on acquired immunity cells) -they are protein markers on the outside of the cell which mark it as our own cell or as foreign, the proteins will bind with foreign fragments if infected Describe the roles of each type of leukocyte. - BCELLS: originate and mature in bone marrow;