exam 5-PNS and Endocrine System fully solved & updated

what are the 2 arms of the PNS - answer-motor and sensory what are the 2 branches of the motor arm of the PNS - answer-somatic and autonomic what are 2 branches of the ANS? - answer-parasympathetic and sympathetic bundles of axons in the PNS - answer-nerves clusters of cell bodies in the PNS - answer-ganglion a PNS *nerve fiber* consists of _____________, _______________, and _____________ - answer-axon, neurilemma, and surrounding endoneurial CT 3 CT coverings of peripheral *nerves* - answer-endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium each myelinated axon is surrounded by this loose CT - answer-endoneurium a bunch of axons surrounded by endoneurium are then wrapped by _______________ - answer-perineurium perineurium is one layer of dense CT that encloses a ________ - answer-fascicle fascicles bunched together are surrounded by ________________ - answer-epineurium what are the 3 classifications of nerves - answer-sensory, motor, and mixed this classification of nerves carries impulses toward the CNS - answer-sensory (afferent) this classification of nerves carries impulses away from the CNS - answer-motor (efferent) this classification of nerves contains both sensory and motor fibers that carry impulses to and from CNS and is the *most common type of nerve* - answer-mixed PNS components and associated structures - answer-Consists mainly of nerve fibers and cells bodies that conduct impulses to or away from the CNS. The ________________ are the transmission lines making possible the communication between any part of your body and the central nervous system. - answer-nerves A peripheral ___________ consists of: • bundle of fibers • CT coverings that surround and bind nerve fibers and fascicles together • blood vessel that nourish the nerve fibers and coverings - answer-nerve damage to nerves is serious because nerves are ________ - answer-amitotic if the ________ of a damaged nerve remains intact, damage can be repaired - answer-soma Regeneration involves coordinated activity among ___________, _______________, and ____________ - answer-macrophages, schwann cells, and axons during the regeneration process, which part plays a role in removing debris? - answer-macrophages during the regeneration process, which part plays a role in forming the regeneration tube and secretes growth factors - answer-schwann cells during the regeneration process, which part plays a role in regenerating the damaged part - answer-axons purely sensory, carry afferent impulses for sense of smell. Arise from olfactory receptor cells. - answer-CN I-Olfactory purely sensory for vision, arise from ganglion cells of the retina, pituitary tumors may compress the optic chiasma - answer-CN II-Optic primarily motor, "eye mover", *contains parasympathetic fibers*, damage can cause drooping of the eyelid and double vision - answer-CN III-Oculomotor motor-supply superior oblique muscle, vulnerable to head or surgical injury, damage can cause double vision and difficulty walking downstairs - answer-CN IV-Trochlear mixed-muscle of mastication and sensory-from face *largest of cranial nerves* 3 divisions: opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular - answer-CN V-Trigeminal motor to lateral rectus muscle, allows eyes to abduct, damage causes double vision and difficulty rotating the eyeball - answer-CN VI-Abducens mixed-motor for muscles of face and scalp, sensory for taste buds, carries *parasympathetic fibers*, laughing and smiling. Bell's palsy results from infection and inflammation - answer-CN VII-Facial sensory-two parts: vestibular nerve for equilibrium and cochlear nerve for hearing, lesion may result in ringing or buzzing in the ears. Impairment or loss of hearing or loss of balance (vertigo) - answer-CN VIII-Vestibulocochlear mixed-motor: muscle of the pharynx and one salivary gland, sensory: pharynx sensation, tonsil, posterior 1/3 of the tongue and blood pressure -damage can result in loss of taste, decrease in salivation and absence of gag reflex *contains parasympathetic fibers* - answer-CN IX-Glossopharyngeal mixed-motor: *parasympathetic fiber* except for the muscles involved with swallowing; these fibers supply the heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera and are involved in regulation of heart rate, breathing and digestive system. Sensory: sensory impulse from thoracic and abdominal viscera, from aortic and carotid chemoreceptors and taste buds in posterior part of the tongue and pharynx. Only cranial nerve to extend beyond head and neck to thorax and abdomen. Paralysis can lead to loss of voice, difficulty breathing and impaired digestive motility - answer-CN X-Vagus mixed-motor: controls muscle of pharynx, sternocleidomastoid and foramen, sensory: proprioreceptors from same muscles, damage makes head turn to injury side and shrugging of shoulder - answer-CN XI-Accessory mixed-mainly motor: muscle of the tongue, allows food mixing and manipulation by tongue during chewing, also tongue movements involved with swallowing and speech. Damage causes difficulty with swallowing and speech - answer-CN XII-Hypoglossal Which cranial nerves are for eye movement? - answer-III, IV, VI which cranial nerves are mostly sensory - answer-I, II, VIII cell bodies lie outside spinal cord in _________ _____________ ganglion - answer-dorsal root dorsal root carries what type of information - answer-sensory cell bodies lie in anterior horn of this structure - answer-ventral root ventral root carries what type of information? - answer-motor serves the deep muscles and skin of dorsal surface of the trunk-muscles/skin of the back - answer-dorsal ramus serves the muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs and skin of the lateral and ventral surfaces of the trunk -muscles and ventral area of the body - answer-ventral ramus what type of information is carried by the dorsal ramus - answer-mixed what type of information is carried by the ventral ramus - answer-mixed ventral rami do not go directly to the body structures they supply but form a network of nerves called a __________ - answer-plexus a network of nerves that seem to be tangled, mostly serve the limbs - answer-plexus Only ___________ rami form plexuses - answer-ventral what are the 4 main plexuses - answer-cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral phrenic nerve-the most important nerve, sensory and motor fibers to diaphragm. *Innervates the diaphragm*-which plexus does it belong to? - answer-cervical (plexus) entire nerve supply to upper extremities, neck and shoulder muscles - answer-brachial abdominal wall, external genitals, part of lower extremities-serves butt and lower extremities. *femoral* -largest of __________ plexus - answer-lumbar plexus with sciatic nerve-from your sacrum to your foot. *thickest and longest* - answer-Sacral most important nerve-sensory and motor fibers to diaphragm - answer-phrenic nerve thickest and longest nerve from our sacrum to foot - answer-sciatic nerve this nerve provides innervation to thigh, buttocks, and lower extremities - answer-femoral nerve this nerve innervates the posterior arm muscles and forearm extensors as well as the skin in the lateral hand - answer-radial nerve innervates forearm flexors, most of the intrinsic muscles of the hand and skin over medial hand -related to funny bone - answer-ulnar nerve what are the somatic nervous system effectors? - answer-voluntary, skeletal muscles what are the autonomic nervous system effectors? - answer-involuntary- smooth and cardiac muscle what are the efferent pathways of the somatic nervous system? - answer-1 neuron, heavily myelinated what are the neurotransmitters released by somatic nervous system - answer-ACH (E) neurotransmitters released by autonomic nervous system - answer-ACH and NE neurotransmitter released by sympathetic nervous system - answer-ACH (E) in preganglionic axon and NE (E) in postganglionic axon neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic nervous system - answer-ACH (E) in preganglionic axon and ACH (I) in postganglionic axon In the sympathetic NS neurons originate from the ____________ and __________ regions of the spine - answer-thoracic and lumbar In the parasympathetic NS neurons originate from the ___________ nerves and ____________ - answer-cranial, sacral what are the efferent pathways of the autonomic NS - answer-2 neurons, preganglionic (myelinated) and postganglionic (unmyelinated) is conduction faster or slower in the ANS? Why? - answer-slower, unmyelinated function of pupil in the sympathetic NS - answer-dilates Fx of the pupil in parasym NS - answer-constricts Fx of saliva in sympathetic NS - answer-inhibits Fx of saliva in parasympa NS - answer-stimulates Fx of heartbeat in sympathetic NS - answer-accelerates Fx of heartbeat in parasympa NS - answer-slows Fx of bronchi in sympathetic NS - answer-dilates Fx of bronchi in parasympa NS - answer-constricts Fx of stomach in sympathetic NS - answer-inhibits Fx of stomach in parasympathetic NS - answer-stimulates Fx of liver in sympa NS - answer-conversion of glycogen to glucose Fx of liver in parasympa NS - answer-stimulates release of bile Fx of adrenal gland in sympa NS - answer-secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline Fx of bladder in sympa NS - answer-inhibits Fx of bladder in parasympa NS - answer-contracts preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system are ______________ - answer-long postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic NS are ______ - answer-short what are the length of neurons (fibers) in the sympathetic nervous system - answer-varies Structures specialized to respond to stimuli. Classified by stimulus type and location - answer-general sensory receptors involve specific sensations received only by highly specialized sense organ in the head=vision, smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium. Information conducted directly to the brain - answer-special senses Receptor class by location- Respond to stimuli arising outside the body • Found near the body surface • Sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature • Include the special sense organs -receive information from the outside world - answer-exteroreceptors Receptor class by location- • Respond to stimuli arising within the body • Found in internal viscera and blood vessels • Sensitive to: • chemical changes • stretch • temperature changes - answer-interoreceptors most important example of interoreceptors-respond to degree of stretch of the organs they occupy, found in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and CT coverings of bones and muscles; constantly advise the brain of one's movements -looking for stretch - answer-proprioceptors what are the 5 special senses? - answer-vision, smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium Stimulus type: respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch ex: Meissner's corpuscle - answer-mechanoreceptors Stimulus type: sensitive to changes in temperature found in free nerve endings - answer-thermoreceptors Stimulus type: respond to light energy, translate light in to something the brain can read-found in retina - answer-photoreceptors Stimulus type: respond to chemicals, smell and taste, changes in blood chemistry -found in areas like vomiting center - answer-chemoreceptors Stimulus type: sensitive to pain-causing stimuli, free nerve endings - answer-nociceptor 70% of all sensory receptors are in the ______ - answer-eye S: protects the eye anteriorly Fx: produces lubricating mucus that keeps the eye from drying out - answer-eyelids S: course hairs that overlie the supraorbital margins Fx: shading of the eye and preventing perspiration from reaching the eye - answer-eyebrows contains glands that secrete a whitish, oily secretion (gunk) - answer-tarsal glands S: consists of lacrimal gland and associated ducts Fx: lacrimal glands secrete tears, dilute saline solution, contains mucus, antibodies and lysozyme - answer-lacrimal apparatus S: a biconvex, transparent, flexible, and avascular separates the internal cavity into anterior and posterior segments Allows precise focusing of light onto the retina - answer-lens S: plasma like fluid that fills the anterior segment that drains via the canal of Schlemm Fx: supports, nourishes, and removes wastes - answer-aqueous humor S: clear gel, supports the posterior surface of the lens Fx: holds the neural retina firmly against the pigmented layer - answer-vitreous humor lens fibers are cells filled with the transparent protein __________, fiber that make up the eye - answer-crystallin what are the three tunics of the eyeball - answer-fibrous, vascular, and sensory (retina) Composed of sclera-white of the eye, covered by conjunctiva that covers the outer surface of the eye, nourished by tiny blood vessels invisible to the naked eye Fx: protects the eye, anchors intrinsic muscles - answer-fibrous tunic Clear cornea-the cornea is curved and helps focus light onto the retina. Light goes to cornea first, helps to focus the light, shape helps determine where light is focused. -one of the 3 tunics - answer-fibrous tunic this tunic has 3 regions: choroid, ciliary body, and iris. The choroid helps absorb light and supplies blood to all eye tunics so its highly vascularized the ciliary body is a thickened ring of tissue surrounding the lens, composed of ciliary muscles and ciliary processes that secrete aqueous humor the iris is the colored part of the eye, the pupil is the central opening of the iris. - answer-vascular tunic this structure of the eye is part of the vascular tunic and regulates the amount of light entering the eye - answer-pupil close vision and bright light-pupils __________ - answer-constrict distant vision and dim light-pupils ___________ - answer-dilate this structure of the retina tunic attaches the ciliary body to the sensory tunic - answer-ora serrata a delicate two-layered membrane: a pigmented layer which is the outer layer that absorbs light and prevents its scattering and also act as phagocytes a neural layer that is a multilayered outgrowth of the brain. Contains photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells - answer-retina that part of the neural layer of the retina contains _____________ that consists of rods and cones and absorb the light and transduce light energy - answer-photoreceptors axons converge to form optic nerve, where AP is generated, run along the inner surface of the retina and join at the optic disc and leave eye as the optic nerve. There are no photoreceptors on optic disc-which structure of the eye is this? - answer-retina tunic of the eye-neural layer what is the main structure of the eye that regulates the amount of light - answer-pupil between the cornea and lens on the anterior segment-works as a filtration of the blood. Connects to lens and has a lot of capillaries - answer-aqueous humor located in the posterior chamber between the iris and the lens. Supports the posterior surface of the lens and holds the neural retina firmly against the pigmented layer - answer-vitreous humor when light comes through cornea it will first pass through the ___________ _____________, and then on to the __________, and then to the ___________, through the _________ _________ and through the ___________ cell, __________ cell, ____________ and then it is absorbed in retina - answer-aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, ganglion, bipolar, photoreceptors what are the two kinds of photoreceptors? - answer-rods and cones sensitive to dim light, don't give high acuity, best suited for night vision, are used for peripheral vision, perceived input is gray tones only, contain only 1 visual pigment, results in fuzzy and indirect images - answer-rods have high-acuity color vision, precise focus, need bright light for activation, have pigments that furnish a vividly colored view (red, green, blue), vision is detailed and has high resolution. *found in the macula lutea* concentrated in the fovea centralis which is a small depression in the center of the macula lutea that contains only cones - answer-cones ________ and _________ are arranged in a stack of disk-like infoldings of the plasma mm that change shape as they absorb light. The visual pigments are colored proteins that undergo structural changes when it absorbs light which initiates potentials -each stack is a mm and the mm is where we have the pigment - answer-rods and cones what are the two parts of photopigments - answer-opsin and retinal part of photopigment-precise molecules that absorb light, made of glycoprotein, there are 4 different types, all bound to retinal - answer-opsin part of photopigment-derivative of vitamin A, is the light absorbing part, depending on which opsin is attached to retinal absorbs different wavelengths -takes light and comes off the opsin - answer-retinal deep purple photopigment in rods , absorbs blue to green - answer-rhodopsin in the light-is the separation (photopigment) of the opsin and retinal is called - answer-bleaching of the pigment in dark cycle-opsin and retinal come back together again and it is called ____________ - answer-regeneration *during the dark* Na+/Ca2+ channels are always _________, due to __________ binding to channel. NT ______________ is being released, which inhibits the ____________cell and there is NO __________, no NT, and no signal to the brain - answer-open, cGMP, glutamate, bipolar, AP *during the dark* why does the release of glutamate not trigger an AP? - answer-it is inhibitory *in the light* light is absorbed and it __________ the Na+/Ca2+ channels and _________ is NOT released. Bipolar cells _____________ NT and the __________ cell makes AP and sends signal to brain - answer-closes, glutamate, release, ganglion during the dark-the entry of Na+ ions ___________ (depolarize/hyperpolarize) the photoreceptor - answer-depolarize *physiology of vision* what are the 3 neurons that work together - answer-photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell photoreceptors are _______ in the dark and at __________ in the light - answer-active, rest during the light -the entry of Na+ ions decrease and ___________ (depolarize/hyperpolarize) the photoreceptor - answer-hyperpolarize location and structure of cilia for smell Location: ____________ epithelium in roof of nasal cavity Structure: olfactory receptor cells are bipolar neurons that are embedded in __________ - answer-olfactory, mucous location of taste Location: most are on the ________ ; a few taste buds are scattered on the soft palate, inner surface of cheeks, pharynx, and epiglottis of the larynx - answer-tongue taste buds are found in ________ - answer-papillae what are the 4 papillae for taste - answer-filiform, fungiform, foliate, circumvallate which papillae has no taste buds but gives friction - answer-filiform structure of taste each taste bud consists of three major cell types: ____________ cells, _____________ cells, and ________ cells - answer-supporting, basal, gustatory structure of taste bud which cell helps to insulate the receptor - answer-supporting cells structure of taste bud which cell is the dynamic stem cell-if gustatory cells die, these will replace it - answer-basal cells structure of taste bud which cell is the taste cells that release neurotransmitters (serotonin or ATP) and have hairs - answer-gustatory cells how the *smell receptors are activated* olfactory receptors respond to several odor causing ________ (oderant), binds to receptor, __ ____ ______ is activated. When bound it uses/produces ________ as a second messenger. Binds to Na+-Ca+, these channels ________ allowing Na+-Ca+ to enter, triggering an AP, signal goes thr ethmoid bone and then to olfactory bulb and to brain - answer-chemicals, G protein mechanism, cAMP, open how the *taste receptors are activated* in order to be tasted, a chemical must be dissolved in _______ and bind to ___________ hairs. Binding of a food chemical ___________ the taste cell membrane, releases NT, initiates AP and signal goes to brain to start digestion - answer-saliva, gustatory, depolarizes what are the 5 taste modalities - answer-sweet, salt, sour, bitter, and umami what is the location for taste - answer-taste buds; a few taste buds are scattered on the soft palate, inner surface of cheeks, pharynx, and epiglottis of the larynx which papillae contain taste buds - answer-foliate, fungiform, circumvallate Thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors also influence ____________ - answer-taste structures of the inner ear: auricle (pinna), external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane - answer-tympanic mm is a boundary between outer and middle ear, vibrates in response to sound, transfers sound energy to middle ear ossicles structures of middle ear: pharyngotympanic tube and ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) - answer-ossicles transmit vibratory motion of the tympanic membrane to the oval window. structures of the inner ear: cochlea-which is divided into three parts: ________ __________, __________ _________, and _________ _____________ - answer-scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani upper part of the cochlea that is connected to oval window by stapes and is filled with perilymph - answer-scala vestibuli lower part of inner ear-filled with perilymph and terminates at the round window. Serves as a pressure valve, bulging outward as pressure rises in the inner ear - answer-scala tympani middle part of cochlea in inner ear-filled with endolymph, and is in high K+ concentration - answer-scala media the receptor for hearing is the ________________ - answer-mechanoreceptor three major divisions of the inner ear: - answer-cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals the receptor for hearing is enclosed by two membranes: - answer-tectorial and basal which membrane for hearing that is the upper mm that is touched by hairs (gel like structure) - answer-tectorial mm which mm for hearing separates the scala media from the scala tympani; hair cells embedded in the basilar mm - answer-basal mm what are the names of hair cells? - answer-inner cells and outer cells which row of hair cells gives you AP? - answer-inner at the apical side of cells, we find _________ "little hairs" - answer-stereocilia stereocilia are long microvilli arranged in several rows of graded height with the longest hair called the _____________ - answer-kinocilium physiology of sound- _____________ mm pushes down, hair cells have tectorial mm on top, movement of vestibular mm allows for hairs to be bent towards ___________. ________ channels open, ________ enters the cell and AP is formed (depolarization) and signals goes to the brain through CN VIII, which is the _______________ nerve - answer-vestibular, kinocilium, K+, K+, vestibulocochlear sound comes in and makes tympanic mm vibrate, which makes the malleus, incus, and stapes vibrate, this makes mm move which is going to set in motion the fluid inside the _________ ___________ and will return through the _________ __________ and pressure will come out through the round window - answer-scala vestibuli, scala tympani equilibrium receptors are in the ________ _________ and the ___________ - answer-semicircular canals, vestibule vestibular receptors monitor ___________ equilibrium - answer-static semicircular canal receptors monitor ________ equilibrium - answer-dynamic the central egg-shaped cavity of the bony labyrinth - answer-vestibule suspended in the perilymph of the vestibule is the ________ and ____________ - answer-saccule, utricle the ______ extends into the cochlea and responds to vertical movement - answer-saccule the _______ extends into the semicircular canals and responds to horizontal movement - answer-utricule the receptor for static equilibrium is the ______ which monitors position of head in space and control pressure. Responds to changes in speed and direction but not to rotation - answer-macula in the vestibular system of inner ear, each hair cell has stereocilia and kinocilium embedded in the _____________ membrane - answer-otolithic a jellylike mass studded with tiny CaCO3 stones called _____ - answer-otoliths where you have dynamic equilibrium-which structure - answer-ampulla hairs bending *toward* kinocilium __________ and rapid impulses reach the brain at a faster rate -making more AP's - answer-depolarizes hairs bending *away* kinocilium __________ and fewer impulses reach the brain. The result is that the brain is informed of rotation -make less AP's - answer-hyperpolarizes depending on amount of ________ your brain will know where your head is in space - answer-AP's the ampulla is the swollen end of each canal and it houses equilibrium receptors called ________ ____________ - answer-crista ampullaris mm involved with hearing (towards kinocilium) - answer-tectorial mm involved with vestibule (towards kinocilium-more AP, away=less AP) - answer-otolithic mm involved with dynamic equilibrium (hairs toward kinocilium=depolarize-more AP, away=hyperpolarize-less AP) - answer-cupula classification for vision - answer-photoreceptors location of receptors for vision - answer-retina classification of smell - answer-chemoreceptors location of receptors for smell - answer-olfactory epithelium in roof of nasal cavity classification of taste - answer-chemoreceptors location of receptors for taste - answer-taste buds classification of hearing - answer-mechanoreceptors location of receptors for hearing - answer-organ of corti classification of receptors for static equilibrium - answer-mechanoreceptors classification of receptors for dynamic equilibrium - answer-mechanoreceptors location of receptors for static equilibrium - answer-macula (vestibule) location of receptors for dynamic equilibrium - answer-crista ampullaris (semicircular canals) purpose of endocrine system - answer-Maintaining homeostasis of blood and volume, controlling reproductive activities, regulating development, growth and metabolism, controlling digestive processes. which glands of the endocrine system secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct. - answer-endocrine glands major endocrine glands of the body - answer-pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, pineal, gonads bloodborne substances (chemical) involved in regulating a variety of processes. • Regulate the metabolic function of other cells • Have lag times ranging from seconds to hours • Tend to have prolonged effects - answer-hormones what are the 2 types of hormones - answer-steroids and amino acids fat soluble, ring structure like cholesterol • Organs and examples • Adrenal cortex - aldosterone, cortisol • Ovaries - estrogen • Testis - testosterone • Thyroid - thyroid hormone - answer-steroid hormones Short chain _________ ___________ _____________ or large proteins attaches to receptors on plasma membrane. • Produced by most endocrine glands • Regulate activity from cell surface since it can't penetrate plasma membrane • Causes cell to produce intracellular messenger molecules - answer-amino acid hormones hormones circulate to all tissues but only activate cells referred to as target cells-why? - answer-based on their receptors what is the real master gland? - answer-hypothalamus why is the hypothalamus considered the real master gland - answer-it sends hormones to the pituitary gland for release Activate transcription of specific genes • Enter nucleus of target cell and form hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with cell's DNA • This interaction prompts DNA transcription to produce mRNA • The mRNA is translated into proteins, which bring about a cellular effect -these can cross mm and get to inside of cell. - answer-steroid hormones these hormones bind to receptor in plasma mm and use g protein mechanism to form cAMP which can activate protein-they cannot cross the mm, they have to bind to g protein - answer-amino acid hormone cAMP is known as the _____________ messenger - answer-secondary which is considered the primary messenger - answer-hormone Glandular tissue • Regulate the release of hormones made by other glands • Hypophyseal portal system • No direct contact with hypothalamus -connection between hypothalamus and this gland is vascular; there is *no direct neural contact with hypothalamus* - answer-anterior pituitary gland this gland HAS a neural connection to hypothalamus-but does NOT produce hormones. Neurons in the hypothalamus synthesize oxytocin and ADH - answer-posterior pituitary gland which pituitary gland is made up of glandular tissue and regulates the release of hormones by other endocrine glands -HORMONES ARE PRODUCED AND RELEASED HERE - answer-anterior pituitary gland this lobe of the pituitary gland is a down growth of hypothalamic neural tissue and is located in the posterior lobe - answer-posterior pituitary gland what is the relationship between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland? - answer-vascular -through hypophyseal portal system, a connection of capillaries what is the relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland? - answer-a neural connection-(hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract) *anterior pituitary* Target cell: liver, muscle, cartilage, bone Fx: stimulates growth, mobilizes fats and increases blood glucose - answer-growth hormone *anterior pituitary* target: breast secretory tissues Fx: promotes milk production - answer-prolactin *anterior pituitary* target: thyroid gland Fx: stimulates the thyroid gland to release the thyroid hormone - answer-TSH *anterior pituitary* Target: adrenal cortex Fx: activates/allows release of hormones by cortex of adrenal gland - answer-ACTH *anterior pituitary* Target: ovaries and testes Fx: in females-stims egg maturation, estrogen and progesterone. In males-stims sperm production - answer-FSH *anterior pituitary* Target: ovaries and testes Fx: females-triggers ovulation and estrogen and progesterone production. In males-promotes testosterone production - answer-LH *posterior pituitary* target: uterus, breast Fx: uterus: stims contraction, breast: initiates milk ejection. Plays a role in sexual arousal and satisfaction. Synthetic forms are used to induce labor - answer-oxytocin *posterior pituitary* target: kidneys Fx: causes cells of renal and collecting tubules to become more permeable to water increase-water absorption increases-creates less urine decrease-absorption decreases-creates more urine-diabetes insipidus - answer-ADH *thyroid gland* target cells: all cells Fx: body's major metabolic hormone, increase BMR, regulation tissue growth and development, maintains blood pressure - answer-thyroid hormones *thyroid gland* target cell: bones Fx: reduces calcium ion levels in the blood, storage in bones - answer-calcitonin *parathyroid glands* target cell: bones, kidneys, small intestine Fx: increases calcium levels in the blood, *antagonist to calcitonin - answer-PTH *adrenal cortex layer* -ZONA GLOMERULOSA target: kidney Fx: stimulates reabsorption of the Na+ by the kidneys. Regulates the ratio of Na+ and K+-incr potassium and reduces sodium - answer-aldosterone *adrenal cortex layer*- ZONA FASCICULATA target: diff tissues Fx: resist stress by keeping blood sugar constant, maintaining blood volume and preventing water shift into tissue - answer-cortisol *adrenal cortex layer* -ZONA RETICULARIS target: diff tissues Fx: onset of puberty, appearance of secondary sex characteristics. Sex drive in females - answer-testosterone -may be estrogen in females *pancreas* target: liver, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, other cells Fx: lowers glucose levels in blood. Liver: stores as glycogen. Adipose: formation of fat Muscle: increases amino acid uptake (protein formation) other cells: increase glucose uptake *lowers blood sugar* - answer-insulin *pancreas* target: liver and adipose tissue Fx: increases the breakdown of glycogen to glucose and breakdown of fat *raises blood sugar* - answer-Glucagon *gonads* target: uterus and breast Fx: prepares for fertilized egg, implantation, and development of placenta and breast - answer-progesterone *gonads* target: diff tissues Fx: major role in puberty and menstrual cycle - answer-estrogen *gonads* target: diff tissues Fx: sexual differentiation, development and maintenance of male secondary characteristics - answer-testosterone largest endocrine gland-located in anterior neck - answer-thyroid gland Structurally and functionally, they are two glands in one of the adrenal gland. What are they - answer-adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex which hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete? - answer-epinephrine and norepinephrine • Secretion of these hormones causes: • Blood glucose levels to rise • Blood vessels to constrict • The heart to beat faster • Blood to be diverted to the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle - answer-adrenal medulla the pineal gland secretes which hormone - answer-melatonin produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) * antagonist to aldosterone which gives high blood pressure • targets kidney • decreases amount of sodium ions in the blood, lost in the urine • reduces blood pressure and blood volume which organ produces this ? - answer-heart Which structure releases estrogen and progesterone that influence the course of pregnancy - answer-placenta secrete erythropoietin, which signals the production of red blood cells - answer-kidneys Produces cholecalciferol, the precursor of vitamin D - answer-skin Osteocalcin improves glucose handling (by increasing the production of insulin) and reduces body fat-which organ produces this - answer-bone growth hormone found in? - answer-anterior pituitary gland prolactin - answer-anterior pituitary gland TSH - answer-anterior pituitary gland ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone - answer-anterior pituitary gland FSH - answer-anterior pituitary gland LH - answer-anterior pituitary gland oxytocin - answer-posterior pituitary ADH - answer-posterior pituitary thyroid hormones - answer-thyroid calcitonin - answer-thyroid hormone PTH - answer-parathyroid glands aldosterone - answer-adrenal cortex cortisol - answer-adrenal cortex testosterone - answer-adrenal cortex insulin - answer-pancreas glucagon - answer-pancreas progesterone (ovary) - answer-gonads estrogen (ovary) - answer-gonads testosterone (testes) - answer-gonads release of a hormone by another hormone ex: thyroid hormone by anterior pituitary - answer-hormonal stimulation hormone release due to changes of nutrients in the blood. ex: blood sugar increase, blood releases insulin - answer-humoral stimulation can turn on or turn off factors that affect the endocrine system ex: sympa affecting adrenal gland, adrenal gland releases aldosterone - answer-nervous systems stimulation