BBH 101- Exam 1 Questions and Answers(A+ Solution guide)

Acquired Immune System - The recognition of "non-self" cells in the presence of "self" Acute Phase Response - The body's nonspecific response triggered by the hypothalamus. Symptoms include fever, inflammation, reduced activity and food intake, increased sensitivity to pain, disrupted memory consolidation, and increased anxiety. Adrenal Cortex Consequences - Anti-inflammatory and anti-immune effects Too much-->premature aging Too little-->osteoperosis Adrenal Glands - Adrenal Cortex: secretes cortisol (inflammatory and immune responses), small amounts of sex hormones Adrenal Medulla: secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (transmitter of sympathetic nervous system) --activated by stressful situations Aging - Uncontrolled inflammation in immune system. Air Flow - Nose and mouth-->pharynx-->larynx-->trachea, bronchi & bronchioles-->alveoli Alveoli - Where oxygen and CO2 are exchanged Found at the ends of bronchioles Animal Studies - --Outlawed in many countries. --Need for non-human subjects --Ethical concernsAnterograde amnesia - A form of amnesia where person can retain their previous memories but cannot form any new ones. Usually caused by injury to hippocampus. Autocrine - Binds to receptors on SAME cells --quick action Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - Consists of nerves connecting CNS to internal organs. Main system for controlling function of internal organs (heart, lungs, digestion, etc.) **Divided into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system. PART OF PNS Ayurveda - Oldest known medical system. Idea that human body represents the whole universe in a microcosm. Key to health= balance btw microcosmic body and macrocosmic world B Cells - Produce immunoglobulins to fight viruses and bacteria. 2 types: Plasma cells--make antibodies **primary (rapid) response Memory cells--recognize previous invaders **secondary immune response Biomedical Model - Model of the 1900s. --Pathogens cause disease, not mind --Reductionist view Biopsychosocial Perspective - Idea that biological, psychological and social factors all influence health.--combo of all previous theories Blood Pressure - Pressure developed by the left ventricle. Arteries narrow, increasing the resistance to blood flow. Higher in the left ventricle b/c blood flow is greater through the body than the lungs-->more pressure Normal BP: 120/80 In stressful situations, aorta contracts-->higher BP Brain - Comprised of about 40 billion neurons. Responsible for all of our thoughts, actions and physiological functions. Has several distinct regions/structures ex) Brainstem, cerebellum, limbic system, cerebrum Brainstem - Part of the brain which controls vital bodily functions. Contains medulla, pons and reticular formation. Bronchi - The pair of respiratory tubes that branch into progressively smaller tubes called bronchioles, culminating in the air sacs within the right and left lungs (alveoli). Cardiovascular System - Function: carry oxygen and nutrients to tissues, carry waste away from tissues Consists of pump (heart) and tubes (blood vessels) Problems: heart attack, stroke etc. CD4 - Helper T cell surface receptor used by HIV to infect T cells Cellular Theory - idea the disease occurs when cells malfunction or die --19th century theoryCentral Nervous System - Consists of brain and spinal cord Cerebellum - "Little brain" Controls balance and coordination of voluntary muscle movements. Also contributes to motor memory, learning and cognition. **Children with ADHD and dyslexia usually have small cerebella or reduced cerebellum activity Cerebrum - "Cerebral cortex" 80% of brain's total weight. 4 lobes: Occipital= vision Parietal= sensory info Temporal= auditory info Frontal= reasoning, planning and controlling body movement