(Summary) Disorders of the Kidneys and
Ureters, Pictures Included. With
Complete Solution 100% Correct.
2024/2025.
Pyelonephritis
-kidney infection (acute or chronic)
-usually caused by bacterial infection (E. coli)
-ascending bacteria from the urethra into the bladder into ureters and then into the kidneys
-can also be caused by abnormal ureters
-can be caused from foley catheter, obstruction, geriatric anatomy
-kidneys enlarge and scar (may lead to permanent damage)
-frequent episodes can cause irreversible changes to kidneys (ex: atrophy)
-can cause renal failure
Signs and symptoms of acute pyelonephritis
-low grade fever
-flank pain/tenderness
-chills
-malaise
-pain with urination
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Flank pain
pain located in the fleshy part of the side between the ribs and the hip
,Signs and symptoms of chronic pyelonephritis
-often asymptomatic
-subtle, not well noticed
-flank pain
-dysuria
Diagnostics for pyelonephritis
-urinalysis (foul odor, pyuria, hematuria)
-C&S (likely would show E. coli)
-BUN & creatinine elevated
-altered electrolytes
Pyuria
pus in the urine
Hematuria
blood in the urine
Treatment for pyelonephritis
Goal: prevent permanent damage
-antibiotics! (14 days)
-antipyretics
-antispasmodics
-anticholinergics (relax bladder)
-monitor urinary output and characteristics of urine
-increase fluids to 3-4 L/day
-follow-up UA in 2 weeks
Glomerulonephritis
-inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
-non-infectious
, -inflammatory disease with renal damage
-can be chronic or acute
-usually follows infection (often Streptoccocus)
-usually appears 2-3 weeks after infection (Strep, URI, mumps, varicella, Hep. B)
What happens in glomerulonephritis?
the immune system attacks the glomeruli leading to inflammation and kidney damage
1. an infection exposes the body to foreign antigens (often from bacteria)
2. the immune system produces antibodies in response to the antigens to try to eliminate them
3. antigens and antibodies form immune complexes when they bind together, then these circulate in the
blood and deposit in the glomeruli
4. when complement proteins encounter these immune complexes they attract immune cells to the site
and leads to inflammation
5. the immune response causes inflammation in the glomeruli. WBCs are attracted to the area and this
all damages the filtering structures of the glomeruli
6. kidney function is impaired
What are 2 things lost in the urine with glomerulonephritis?
-RBCs (hematuria)
-proteins (proteinuria)
Proteinuria
-protein in the urine
-makes the urine frothy
Why are RBCs and proteins lost in the urine for glomerulonephritis?
-normally when the blood filters into the glomerulus, big particles like RBCs and proteins are retained in
the blood
-when the glomerulus is damaged, it has increased permeability so these bigger substances get filtered
out of the blood
-they are then excreted in the urine instead of kept in the body
Signs and symptoms of glomerulonephritis
Ureters, Pictures Included. With
Complete Solution 100% Correct.
2024/2025.
Pyelonephritis
-kidney infection (acute or chronic)
-usually caused by bacterial infection (E. coli)
-ascending bacteria from the urethra into the bladder into ureters and then into the kidneys
-can also be caused by abnormal ureters
-can be caused from foley catheter, obstruction, geriatric anatomy
-kidneys enlarge and scar (may lead to permanent damage)
-frequent episodes can cause irreversible changes to kidneys (ex: atrophy)
-can cause renal failure
Signs and symptoms of acute pyelonephritis
-low grade fever
-flank pain/tenderness
-chills
-malaise
-pain with urination
Brainpower
Read More
Flank pain
pain located in the fleshy part of the side between the ribs and the hip
,Signs and symptoms of chronic pyelonephritis
-often asymptomatic
-subtle, not well noticed
-flank pain
-dysuria
Diagnostics for pyelonephritis
-urinalysis (foul odor, pyuria, hematuria)
-C&S (likely would show E. coli)
-BUN & creatinine elevated
-altered electrolytes
Pyuria
pus in the urine
Hematuria
blood in the urine
Treatment for pyelonephritis
Goal: prevent permanent damage
-antibiotics! (14 days)
-antipyretics
-antispasmodics
-anticholinergics (relax bladder)
-monitor urinary output and characteristics of urine
-increase fluids to 3-4 L/day
-follow-up UA in 2 weeks
Glomerulonephritis
-inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
-non-infectious
, -inflammatory disease with renal damage
-can be chronic or acute
-usually follows infection (often Streptoccocus)
-usually appears 2-3 weeks after infection (Strep, URI, mumps, varicella, Hep. B)
What happens in glomerulonephritis?
the immune system attacks the glomeruli leading to inflammation and kidney damage
1. an infection exposes the body to foreign antigens (often from bacteria)
2. the immune system produces antibodies in response to the antigens to try to eliminate them
3. antigens and antibodies form immune complexes when they bind together, then these circulate in the
blood and deposit in the glomeruli
4. when complement proteins encounter these immune complexes they attract immune cells to the site
and leads to inflammation
5. the immune response causes inflammation in the glomeruli. WBCs are attracted to the area and this
all damages the filtering structures of the glomeruli
6. kidney function is impaired
What are 2 things lost in the urine with glomerulonephritis?
-RBCs (hematuria)
-proteins (proteinuria)
Proteinuria
-protein in the urine
-makes the urine frothy
Why are RBCs and proteins lost in the urine for glomerulonephritis?
-normally when the blood filters into the glomerulus, big particles like RBCs and proteins are retained in
the blood
-when the glomerulus is damaged, it has increased permeability so these bigger substances get filtered
out of the blood
-they are then excreted in the urine instead of kept in the body
Signs and symptoms of glomerulonephritis
