BIO 353 Study Guide exam
1
1. The cell: The basic unit of structure and function in living things
2. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR ORGANELLES/ STRUCTURES OF A BASIC EUKARYOTIC CELL?: NUCLE-US
nucleolus
Aribosomes
smooth ER
rough ER
mitochondria
3. What are the 3 major disciplines involved with studying biology?: bioimaging
biochemistry
mol. biology/genetics
4. What is light microscopy?: visible light passes through a series of lenses to
produce a magnified image
5. WHAT IS THE RESOLUTION LIMIT OF THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE?: .2 NM
6. Define resolution: Describes the degree of clarity, detail, and sharpness of an
image
7. Define magnification: the ratio of an object's image size to its real size
8. what is one of the major advantages of the basic light microscope?: ability
to image LIVE cells
9. STATE OF CELLS WHEN USING AMPLITUDE CONTRAST: FIXED/DEAD
10. Describe amplitude contrast: a form of contrast generated by the absorptionof
selective wave lengths from the visible light spectrum
11. Describe phase contrast microscopy: dependent on light refraction
contrast formed b/c different parts have different densities
12. STATE OF CELLS WHEN USING PHASE CONTRAST ?: LIVING
13. epifluorescence microscopy: detection of specific molecules/ions/organelles
that are MADE fluorescent by coupling them to a flourochrome marker
14. indirect immunofluorescence: i. cells/tissues fixed
ii. exposed to primary antibody, antibody binds to specific protein (ie antigen)
iii. exposed to secondary antibody that is coupled to a flourochrome marker
, BIO 353 Study Guide exam
1
15. What is GFP and how is it coupled to the proteins in different cellular
structures (direct method)?: Green Fluorescent Protein binds the flourescent
sntibody to the corresponding antigen on the target protein
16. Whats the advantage of using GFP?: cells are ALIVE
17. What are vital fluorescent dyes (direct method)?: harmless dyes used to
stain living tissue for observation
18. confocal microscopy: a light microscope that uses fluorescent stains and laserto
make two- and three-dimensional images
, BIO 353 Study Guide exam
1
19. Advantages of confocal microscopy: increased clarity of images and resolu-
tion
20. What is electron microscopy?: technique used for obtaining high resolution
images of specimens
21. transmission electron microscope: used to study the internal structure of cells
22. Advantage of electron microscope: shorter wavelength of electron beam=
increased resolution and magnification
23. Disadvantage of electron microscopes: cannot view living things- life is not
compatible with vacuum
24. Electron tomography: provides highest and most accurate 3-D resolution for
ultrasound studies
25. scanning electron microscopy: beams scan across and build image layer bylayer
**EXTERNAL STURCTURES
26. what are the 4 common procedures for homogenizing cells?: 1. high fre-
quency sound
2. mild detergent
3. force cells through small pore using high pressure
4. shear cells between a close fitting rotating plunger and wall of glass vessel
27. Centrifugation: Separates subcellular structures and macromolecules into dif-
ferent parts (fractions) by size, shape, and density
28. differential centrifugation: uses progressively higher speeds to separate the
cellular components by size and density
29. density gradient centrifugation: A method of separating particles by centrifu-
gation through a gradient of a dense substance, such as sucrose or cesium chloride.
** based on buoyant density
30. what are the characteristics that can vary between proteins?: charge,
shape, size
31. one dimensional sds page: separates peptides based on SIZE (MASS)
32. describe methods of 1d sds page: 1. SDS coats proteins in negative charge
2. proteins migrate
3. SDS+ heat= proteins unfold
33. 2-D SDS PAGE: native proteins are separated based on CHARGE usingiso-
electric focusing (first dimension) and SIZE (mass) in second dimension)
34. Western blot: identifies peptides
1
1. The cell: The basic unit of structure and function in living things
2. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR ORGANELLES/ STRUCTURES OF A BASIC EUKARYOTIC CELL?: NUCLE-US
nucleolus
Aribosomes
smooth ER
rough ER
mitochondria
3. What are the 3 major disciplines involved with studying biology?: bioimaging
biochemistry
mol. biology/genetics
4. What is light microscopy?: visible light passes through a series of lenses to
produce a magnified image
5. WHAT IS THE RESOLUTION LIMIT OF THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE?: .2 NM
6. Define resolution: Describes the degree of clarity, detail, and sharpness of an
image
7. Define magnification: the ratio of an object's image size to its real size
8. what is one of the major advantages of the basic light microscope?: ability
to image LIVE cells
9. STATE OF CELLS WHEN USING AMPLITUDE CONTRAST: FIXED/DEAD
10. Describe amplitude contrast: a form of contrast generated by the absorptionof
selective wave lengths from the visible light spectrum
11. Describe phase contrast microscopy: dependent on light refraction
contrast formed b/c different parts have different densities
12. STATE OF CELLS WHEN USING PHASE CONTRAST ?: LIVING
13. epifluorescence microscopy: detection of specific molecules/ions/organelles
that are MADE fluorescent by coupling them to a flourochrome marker
14. indirect immunofluorescence: i. cells/tissues fixed
ii. exposed to primary antibody, antibody binds to specific protein (ie antigen)
iii. exposed to secondary antibody that is coupled to a flourochrome marker
, BIO 353 Study Guide exam
1
15. What is GFP and how is it coupled to the proteins in different cellular
structures (direct method)?: Green Fluorescent Protein binds the flourescent
sntibody to the corresponding antigen on the target protein
16. Whats the advantage of using GFP?: cells are ALIVE
17. What are vital fluorescent dyes (direct method)?: harmless dyes used to
stain living tissue for observation
18. confocal microscopy: a light microscope that uses fluorescent stains and laserto
make two- and three-dimensional images
, BIO 353 Study Guide exam
1
19. Advantages of confocal microscopy: increased clarity of images and resolu-
tion
20. What is electron microscopy?: technique used for obtaining high resolution
images of specimens
21. transmission electron microscope: used to study the internal structure of cells
22. Advantage of electron microscope: shorter wavelength of electron beam=
increased resolution and magnification
23. Disadvantage of electron microscopes: cannot view living things- life is not
compatible with vacuum
24. Electron tomography: provides highest and most accurate 3-D resolution for
ultrasound studies
25. scanning electron microscopy: beams scan across and build image layer bylayer
**EXTERNAL STURCTURES
26. what are the 4 common procedures for homogenizing cells?: 1. high fre-
quency sound
2. mild detergent
3. force cells through small pore using high pressure
4. shear cells between a close fitting rotating plunger and wall of glass vessel
27. Centrifugation: Separates subcellular structures and macromolecules into dif-
ferent parts (fractions) by size, shape, and density
28. differential centrifugation: uses progressively higher speeds to separate the
cellular components by size and density
29. density gradient centrifugation: A method of separating particles by centrifu-
gation through a gradient of a dense substance, such as sucrose or cesium chloride.
** based on buoyant density
30. what are the characteristics that can vary between proteins?: charge,
shape, size
31. one dimensional sds page: separates peptides based on SIZE (MASS)
32. describe methods of 1d sds page: 1. SDS coats proteins in negative charge
2. proteins migrate
3. SDS+ heat= proteins unfold
33. 2-D SDS PAGE: native proteins are separated based on CHARGE usingiso-
electric focusing (first dimension) and SIZE (mass) in second dimension)
34. Western blot: identifies peptides
