Samenvatting
Summary Forensic Psychology
- Instelling
- Thomas More Hogeschool (tmhs)
Samenvatting van het vak Forensic Psychology
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 48 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 48 pagina's
In winkelwagenVerkoper
VolgenVoorbeeld van de inhoud
Forensic PsychologyH1: Introduction
1. Towards an understanding
Forensic psychology ≠ forensic science or law enforcement
→ Forensic psychologist studies human behavior
→ Expert in (criminal) human behaviour
→ Tries to apply psychological principles to assist legal system
Forensic → ‘Forensis’ (Latin) = of the forum (market place: was a public court room)
→ Related to the law
→ Between criminology, psychology and law
2. History
Middle Ages and earlier → good and wrong related to religion, demons, witches, sinners,...
End of Middle Ages → first use of insanity
18th century → insane person= wild animal
19th → Lombroso: criminal atavism (=recognizing criminals by their physical features)
19th → development of theories about insanity and criminal behavior
1879 → first laboratory for experimental psychology (W. Wundt)
1908 → Münsterberg: ‘On the witness stand’ (book: series of essays to describe research on
eyewitness testimony, false confessions and uses of psychology in legal problems)
20th century: psychologists were more called upon to apply their knowledge to the legal
system as expert → psychology is a tool in arriving at fair and just legal outcomes
Some high-profile cases revealed the lack of fit between classical clinical psychological
approach and the legal context
→ E.g.: the use of assessment techniques that are not adapted to the forensic context
1970-1980 (US): more and more application of psychology in legal issues
→ Development of specific training, guidelines, journals, first generation assessment tools
→ A unique discipline that differs from classical clinical psychology
Experiments:
- Stanley Milgram Experiment (shocks)
- Stanford Prison Experiment
,3. Practice of forensic psychology
3.1 Behavioral sciences department (Belgian federal police)
1. Polygraph (lie detector: never conclusional evidence)
2. Database management of sexual crimes
3. Interrogation of minors
4. Behavioral analysis
- Supporting interrogations (psychologist in another room, they assist through a chat)
- Profiling
- Threat analysis
- Observation at reconstruction
- Witness protection (assessment)
3.2 Three main activities for forensic psychologists
1. Assessment
Therapeutic VS forensic assessment
- Goal: reduce psy suffering VS addressing legal question
- Relationship: care and support VS investigative and truth seeking
- Client: examinee VS whoever pays (court, attorney,...)
- Consequences: design intervention VS possible loss of liberty
- Accuracy of info: examinee generally more reliable VS questionable
Methods
→ Clinical interview
→ Psychological testing/ instruments
- Projective-, objective tests, intelligence, neuropsychological, forensic assessment
→ Collateral information
- Need for accuracy → detection of malingering (underreporting or exaggerating)
- Archival information → police reports, past charges,... (need for permission!)
- Information from partner, family, friends,...
- Information of other healthcare professionals → health records, substance abuse,...
2. Treatment
Of victims → several challenges:
- High threshold of victims (shame, cost, complexity of finding right help,...)
- Lack of forensic insight and knowledge (wrong diagnosis, wrong focus,...)
Of offenders → more challenges
- Often takes place after an individual has been in contact with the law or put under
pressure by social system → lack or absence of intrinsic motivation
- Usually involvement of a third (justice system) asking for information on the progress
- Confrontation with hostility, threats, aggression and emotional burden (PTSS,...)
→ However: study found no more risk of aggressive behavior in the forensic context
- Who’s your client? → balance empathy VS critical/suspicious attitude
,Treatment can occur when a person begins to exhibit psychological problems in prison
Estimates range that 50-90% of people in prison have a mental disorder
Estimated 20% of in-prison deaths are due to suicide
Mobley: Four types of treatment (in or after prison):
→ Management
- Reduce and eliminate acute crises, damage control
- E.g.: self-mutilation, suicidal gestures, general violence ...
→ Maintenance
- Chronic mental health issues not likely to be resolved during incarceration
- Focus on stabilization
→ Outpatient programs
- Continued supervision of those at risk
- Focus on effective coping strategies
→ Specialized programs
- Focus on specific issues (substance abuse, anger control, sexual offending,...)
3. Consultation
Assisting attorneys or court on a variety of trial-related issues
- Identifying relevant experts
- Educating on a certain area
- Evaluating the work product of an opposing expert
Consulting in policy issues
- E.g.: the government wants to tackle child abuse in sportclubs, they ask our expertise
center to develop guidelines for sportclubs or a bystander training for sport coaches
4. Three main activities but forensic psychologists could also…
Do research, offer training, give therapy,...
, H2: Psychology and Law
1. Relationship between law and psychology
Different disciplines solving problems in different ways
2. (Un)accountability
Competency to stand trial
- Present ability to consult a lawyer with rational understanding
- Rational understanding of the proceedings
- Mental state at the time of the trial, NOT at the time of the offense
- Court cannot proceed, unless the defendant is competent to stand trial
Insanity defens
=If mental state made it impossible to control behavior or influenced behavior (during crime)
=Defendant is not responsible for his or her actions due to an episodic or persistent
psychiatric disease at the time of the criminal act (US Law, code 17)
- Acquittal or internment
- No control and no criminal intent
→ Burden of proof= the accused has the burden of proving the defence of insanity by clear
and convincing evidence
Difference legal insanity VS medical insanity
→ Medical insanity= someone who is suffering from any kind of ‘mental health issue’
→ Legal insanity= the person suffering from mental illness should also have had a loss of
reasoning ability at the time of the incident
- Everyone who’s mentally ill is not automatically exempted from criminal responsibility
- A court is concerned with legal insanity, and not with medical insanity
Belgium= dichotomous
- Accountable
- Unaccountable
The Netherlands= dimensional
- Accountable
- Diminished accountable
- Unaccountable
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
√ Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, Bancontact of creditcard voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper lienjongen. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €3,99. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 69605 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen